人工纳米颗粒对水生生物的毒性效应及其机制研究进展

随着纳米科技的飞速发展和纳米产品的普及,人工纳米颗粒(NPs)的生物毒性效应研究逐渐成为国内外关注的热点.以水环境和水生生物为对象,综述了近几年来NPs对水生生物的毒性效应、毒性机制等方面的研究进展.文中按NPs的分类总结了NPs对微生物、藻类、原生动物和鱼类等水生生物的毒性效应,着重论述了NPs的可能毒性机制及其与NPs的独特物理化学性质之间的关系,并在细胞和分子水平上探讨了NPs的摄取、跨膜运输等方面的可能机制.在自然水体中,NPs因其化学行为受水化学条件等影响而表现出不同于实验室研究中的生物毒性效应,本文也对这方面的研究进行了讨论和总结.最后分析了目前水生生物纳米毒性研究中的瓶颈和方法、技术方面的问题,并对以后应注重开展的研究进行了展望.

Review of Ecotoxicity and Mechanism of Engineered Nanoparticles to Aquatic Organisms

With the rapid development of nanotechnology and widespread use of nanoproducts, ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) attracts increasing attention and research. This paper reviews the ecotoxicity and mechanisms of NPs to aquatic organisms systematically. Toxic effects of different classes of NPs to bacteria, algae, invertebrates and fish in aquatic environments were firstly summarized, possible toxicity mechanisms were then expounded and the relationship between toxicity mechanisms and unique physicochemical properties of NPs was also analyzed. The processes of NPs uptake and membrane penetration at the cell and molecular level were discussed and presented. In the natural water, NPs behaviors are influenced by water chemistry conditions, so toxic effect to aquatic organisms is different from that in laboratory conditions, which should be paid with increased attention and effort. Finally, bottle-necks and challenges of NPs ecotoxicity research and existing problems of test and analytical methods were analyzed and the future directions of research were suggested.