城镇化进程中新疆塔城盆地浅层地下水化学演变特征及成因

随着经济的发展,新疆塔城盆地地下水开采量持续增大,然而研究区水文地质研究基础薄弱,盆地地下水化学演化趋势及其成因不明,这使得未来的地下水开发利用存在较大风险.本文在对盆地内地下水进行系统采样分析的基础上,基于5种水化学图对地下水化学组分进行异常识别,并对比历史水化学数据,对盆地地下水化学演变进行了深入分析.结果表明:研究区地下水阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Na~+为主,阴离子以HCO~-_3和SO_4~(2-)为主,盆地广泛分布溶解性总固体小于1.0 g·L~(-1)的淡水.从山前淋溶迁移带到地下水径流缓慢的平原区,地下水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型过渡到SO_4·HCO_3-Na·Ca型.对比1979年水化学数据,城镇化进程中,由于地下水的过量开采,水位埋深下降,原来的部分排泄区变为径流区,水循环交替加快,致使研究区HCO_3型和SO_4·HCO_3型水分布面明显增加,以硫酸根和氯离子为主的高TDS水化学类型分布面积明显减少.然而在城镇周边人口密集区地下水中水氯离子和硝酸根离子明显升高,地下水TDS和总硬度呈上升趋势,地下水盐化和硬化明显.研究区地下水化学演变主要受潜水流经的含水层介质及地下水流场变化影响,另外排污沟渠污水下渗是影响地下水水质的另一个主要因素.

Chemical Evolution of Groundwater in the Tacheng Basin of Xinjiang in the Process of Urbanization

With the development of the local economy, the volume of groundwater production has increased continuously in the past decades in the Tacheng Basin of the Xinjiang Uygur Automous Region. Previous studies have not provided a clear pattern of the chemical composition evolution of groundwater and its driving force in this basin, which makes the future development and utilization of groundwater riskier. This study carried out systematic sampling and analysis of groundwater chemistry in this basin, and the chemical evolution of groundwater in the basin was analyzed by comparison with historical hydrochemical data. The results show that Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ are the main cations in the groundwater, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2- are the main anions in the groundwater, and freshwater is widely distributed. The chemical types of groundwater changed from HCO₃-Ca and HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg in the source zone in front of the mountains to SO₄·HCO₃-Na·Ca type in the plain area. In comparison with the hydrochemical data of 1979, HCO₃ and SO₄·HCO₃ type groundwater increased significantly. SO₄ and Cl type groundwater with high total dissolved solids decreased significantly. However, the Cl^- and SO₄^2- concentration and total hardness in the groundwater around the cities and towns increased. Aquifer material and the change of flowing field are the two controlling factors of groundwater chemical change, but the leakage of waste water from city drainage channels also affects the groundwater chemistry drastically.