稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征

以湖南桃源县一长期种植水稻的酸性土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了4个水分梯度处理,分别为田间持水量(water holding capacity,WHC)的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深.考察了水分条件变化对硝化和反硝化作用影响,并结合定量PCR和限制性末端片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究了硝化-反硝化微生物的响应特征.结果表明,30%WHC处理土壤无明显的硝化和反硝化作用发生,硝化作用主要发生于60%WHC和90%WHC处理土壤,90%WHC处理土壤硝化作用明显强于60%WHC,并检测到明显的N2O释放,表明该水分条件可能发生了硝化-反硝化耦合作用.淹水处理土壤氧化还原势Eh显著低于非淹水处理土壤,无明显的硝化作用发生,但能检测到N2O释放且释放量小于90%WHC处理土壤.除培养初期(7 d)外,反硝化功能基因nirS和nirK,以及氨氧化细菌(AOB)amoA基因的丰度先随着水分增加而增加,并在淹水处理中小幅下降,三者之间呈明显的正相关关系,且AOB amoA、nirS和nirK基因丰度均在90%WHC处理中最高,与该处理中硝化和反硝化活性最高相一致.T-RFLP结果表明,培养2周后,nirS基因为代表的反硝化微生物群落组成对水分梯度变化产生明显响应,Eh和含水率Cw是影响其群落组成的主要因子.

Response of Nitrification/Denitrification and Their Associated Microbes to Soil Moisture Change in Paddy Soil

To investigate the effect of moisture change on nitrification and denitrification and their corresponding functional microbes, an acidic paddy soil from Taoyuan, Hunan Province was selected as the study object, and soil microcosm experiment containing 4 different water holding capacity (WHC) levels (30% WHC, 60% WHC, 90% WHC, and waterlog) was set up in this study. Results showed that no active nitrification and denitrification occurred in 30% WHC treatment as there were no obvious ammonia consumption and nitrate accumulation, while nitrification was active in 60% WHC and 90% WHC treatments as indicated by the obvious accumulation of nitrate in those two treatments. Meanwhile, significant ammonia consumption and N₂O emission were only observed in 90% WHC treatment, implying that a much stronger nitrification in 90% WHC treatment than in 60% WHC treatment and the co-occurrence of nitrification and denitrification in 90% WHC treatment. In waterlog treatment, relatively lower N₂O emission was detected and no obvious nitrification was detected, corresponding to a significant lower soil Eh in this treatment than in the other three non-waterlog treatments. Except the early stage of incubation (7 d), the abundance of nirS, nirK and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA genes showed similar responses to soil moisture change over time. Except the slight decrease in waterlog treatment, the abundances of the three genes increased significantly as the soil moisture increased, and the highest abundances of nirS, nirK, and amoA gene were observed in 90%WHC treatment in which the highest nitrification and denitrification activity was detected. T-RFLP analysis showed that the community composition of nirS gene-containing denitrifiers changed significantly in response to soil moisture change after two weeks, and soil Eh and C_w were the main factors affecting the community composition of denitrifiers.