武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露风险评估

在武汉市区设置70个采样点,采集土壤、灰尘、大气及食品样品.根据美国EPA推荐的儿童铅暴露参数,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评估方法对武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露进行了风险评估,结果表明,武汉市区儿童每天的铅暴露量为1.20×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1.经消化道途径是儿童摄入铅的主要途径,其暴露量为1.04×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1,其次为经呼吸道途径及皮肤吸收途径,其暴露量分别为0.153×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1和8.56×10-7mg.（kg.d）-1.在消化道途径中,摄入土壤或灰尘铅暴露量占占总暴露量的52.0%,通过消化道途径摄入土壤或灰尘是最主要的暴露途径.用Monte Carlo法进行模拟,在消化道途径中,通过摄取土壤铅暴露量为2.48×10-2mg.d-1.超过JECFA指定的PTDI的概率为2.1%.风险水平R计算结果表明,从消化道、呼吸道、皮肤吸收这3个途径的铅暴露风险均小于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5,其中经过皮肤吸收途径的铅暴露风险值小于可忽略风险水平1×10-8.应用Kriging插值法获得武汉市中心城区儿童铅日暴露量的空间分布,运用指示Kriging方法获得了武汉市儿童铅暴露危险指数图,显示武汉市青山区及江岸区儿童铅暴露水平较高.

Risk Assessment of Lead Exposure from Different Intake Pathways for Children in Wuhan City

70 sampling points were set in Wuhan City to collect soil, dust, air and food samples. According to the U.S. EPA recommended childhood lead exposure parameters, U.S. EPA human exposure risk assessment method was used to assess the potential health risk of different pathway exposures of children in Wuhan City to lead. The results of calculation show: Wuhan urban children's daily lead exposure is 1.20×10^-3 mg·(kg·d)^-1. The digestive tract is the main way for children's exposure to lead, with the exposure of 1.04×10^-3 mg·(kg·d)^-1, followed by the respiratory route and dermal absorption route, the exposures were 0.153×10^-3 mg·(kg·d)^-1 and 8.56×10^-7 mg·(kg·d)^-1 respectively. Pathways of the digestive tract, ingestion of soil or dust lead exposure accounted for 52.0% of the total exposure, through the digestive tract of soil or dust ingestion is the main route of exposure. Monte-Carlo method was used to simulate the pathway in the digestive tract, the amount of lead exposure through ingestion of soil was 2.48×10^-2 mg·d^-1.The probability that exceeded the PTDI (Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake) specified by JECFA (The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) was 2.1%. The results of the risk assessment indicate that lead exposure risks from the digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin absorption are less than the maximum acceptable risk level 5.0×10^-5 respectively and the risk associated with skin absorption of lead is less than the negligible risk level 1× 10^-8. Application of Kriging interpolation method, Wuhan City children lead exposure value on spatial distribution were obtained, and Qingshan district and Jiangan district have a high level of children lead exposure. The aggregate risk index of Wuhan City children lead exposure was yield by using the indicator Kriging.