耕作方式对紫色水稻土农田生态系统CH4和N2O排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内1990年设立的长期免耕试验田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,对传统的冬水田平作（CT）及由其改良而成的水旱轮作（CTR）、厢作免耕（NTP）和垄作免耕（NTR）等农田生态系统CH4和N2O的排放进行了连续1 a的田间原位观测研究.结果表明,传统的CT处理中,CH4和N2O主要排放时期为水稻种植季,该时期的持续时间仅占全年的27.1%,但2种温室气体的总排放量分别占全年的77.6%和55.0%;耕作制度改良后,CH4排放降低而N2O排放增加.不同耕作方式下CH4的年平均排放通量以CH4计,mg.（m2.h）-1]为CT（2.96±0.04）〉NTR（1.83±0.21）〉NTP（1.42±0.01）〉CTR（0.96±0.09）,CT处理的CH4排放极显著高于CTR和NTP处理（P〈0.01）,显著高于NTR处理（P〈0.05）;N2O的年平均排放通量以N2O计,μg.（m2.h）-1]依次为CTR（123.6±47.1）〉NTR（115.2±22.1）〉NTP（100.5±25.8）〉CT（81.3±13.5）,CTR处理N2O的排放显著高于CT（P〈0.05）.通过对不同时间尺度（20、100及500 a）2种温室气体综合全球增温潜势（global warming potential,GWP）的计算,可以发现,改良后的3种耕作方式对CH4和N2O的综合GWP有一定的减排作用,无论时间尺度长短,4种耕作处理全年所排放的CH4和N2O所产生的综合GWP均为CT〉NTR〉NTP〉CTR.因此,耕作方式的改良对紫色水稻土农田生态系统中CH4和N2O综合GWP减排有着明显的效果.

Effects of Tillage-Cropping Systems on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agro-Ecosystems in a Purple Paddy Soil

Using the static opaque chamber method, a field experiment, located in the Key Field Station for Monitoring of Eco-Environment of Purple Soil of the Ministry of Agriculture of China in the farm of Southwest University (30 degrees 26'N, 106 degrees 26'E) in Chongqing, was conducted in situ for one year to study the effect of different tillage systems on CH4 and N2O emission from ago-ecosystems in a purple paddy soil. In this paper, four tillage treatments including conventional tillage with rice only system (CT), conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system (CTR), no-till and plain culture with rotation of rice and rape system (NTP) and no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (NTR) were selected as research objectives. The results showed that the annual CH4 and N2O emissions were mainly occurred in the rice growing period, and were about 77.6% and 55.0% of the total annual of them emitted from this period. The total annual CH4 under CT was higher than that of other treatments. The annual average flux of CH4CH4, mg x (m2 x h)(-1)] order was CT (2.96 +/- 0.04) >NTR (1.83 +/- 0.21) >NTP (1.42 +/- 0.01) >CTR (0.96 +/- 0.09); the annual average flux of N2ON2O, microg x (m2 x h)(-1)] order was CTR (123.6 +/- 47.1) > NTR (115.2 +/- 22.1) > NTP (100.5 +/- 25.8) > CT (81.3 +/- 13.5), and the total annual N2O under CTR was higher than that of CT. The global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2O emissions under different tillage-cropping systems were assessed in an integrated way. The results showed that the integrated GWPs of CH4 and N2O emission were in the following sequence: CT > NTR > NTP > CTR, and CTR was the best treatment for decrease the integrated GWPs in this area.