哈尔滨主城区不同下垫面融雪径流污染特性

融雪径流是我国北方高纬度城市受纳水体在春季主要的面源污染源,为控制融雪径流对地表水体的污染,于2015年3月底至4月初对哈尔滨主城区6种下垫面、18个采样点的融雪径流进行污染特性分析.通过SPSS 22.0及其主成分分析法确定了BOD5、COD、氨氮、总磷(TP)、石油类和总氮(TN)为哈尔滨主城区融雪径流中影响最为显著的污染指标.应用单因素方差分析法(ANOVA)及其最小显著性差异(LSD)多重比较法对6种下垫面组间及两两下垫间的污染差异性进行了分析.ANOVA分析结果表明,TP在下垫面组间的差异性最大而BOD5最小,其显著性水平(Sig.)分别为0.342和0.631;多重比较的结果则表明不同污染物在两两下垫面之间的均值差异(MeanDiff)均不同,不同下垫面对不同污染指标的贡献率也不同.同时,受地理位置的影响,相同污染物在相同下垫面的不同采样点的分布也存在差别,城市道路和人行道最为明显.不同下垫面融雪径流污染特性分析结果表明,哈尔滨主城区融雪径流污染主要受交通流量、人类活动、冬季燃煤采暖及工业排放的影响.

Pollution Characteristics of Snowmelt Runoff on Different Underlying Surface in Main Urban Area of Harbin

Snowmelt runoff is the main non-point pollution source of receiving water in the high latitude cities of north China in Spring. In order to control the pollution of surface water body by the snowmelt runoff, the pollution characteristics of 6 kinds of underlying surfaces and 18 sampling points in the main urban area of Harbin were analyzed from late March to early April 2015. Through software SPSS 22.0 and its principal component analysis method, BOD₅, COD, ammonia nitrogen, TP (total phosphorus), petroleum and TN (total nitrogen) were identified as the significant pollution indexes of the snowmelt runoff in the main urban area of Harbin. Single factor ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and its LSD (Least Significant Difference) multiple comparisons method were adopted to analyze the pollution difference among underlying surface groups and between two kinds of underlying surfaces. The results of AVOVA analysis showed that the difference of TP in all kinds of underlying surface was the largest and that of BOD₅ was the least, and the significant levels (Sig.) were 0.342 and 0.631, respectively. The results of multiple comparisons showed that the MeanDiffs (Mean Difference) between two underlying surfaces of different pollutants were different, and the contribution rates of different pollution index were different too. Meanwhile, due to the influence of geographical position, for the same pollutant, there were differences in different sampling points of the same underlying surface, especially in city road and pavement. Pollution characteristics of snowmelt runoff on different underlying surface showed that the snowmelt runoff pollution in the main urban area of Harbin was mainly affected by the traffic flow, human activities, coal fired heating in winter and industrial emissions.