广东清远电子垃圾拆解区农田土壤重金属污染评价

简单粗放的电子垃圾回收活动给周边环境带来了一系列污染问题,污染物通过食物链的累积最终将对人体健康产生危害.为了解广东省清远市电子垃圾拆解地周边农田土壤重金属污染现状,在该市龙塘镇和石角镇电子垃圾拆解区域内采集22个农田土壤样品,并分析了土样中重金属的含量水平、空间分布特征和化学形态.结果表明,与广东省土壤背景值相比,农田表层0~20 cm土壤中Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn、Ni和Cr元素含量表现出不同程度的富集.从单项污染指数来看,72.7%的表层土壤样品存在一种或几种重金属超标,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染为主,其中Cd污染比例最高,其次是Cu,最后是污染比例相当的Pb和Zn.内梅罗综合污染指数分析发现68.2%的土壤样品受到重金属污染,其中更有53.3%为重污染等级.大部分重金属之间具有良好的相关性,简单粗放的回收活动成为电子垃圾拆解地周边农田重金属污染的重要来源.Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu在表层土壤中含量较高,深层土部分(20~100 cm)并未表现出随深度增加而显著降低的趋势.Cr和Ni元素在整个采样剖面中含量基本一致,无统计学意义上的差别.重金属化学形态分析结果显示Pb、Cu和Cd的活性形态比例范围分别为36.9%~90.6%、39.6%~93.9%和43.7%~99.6%,平均值分别为61.3%、65.3%和80.7%,绝大多数土壤样品中3种重金属活性形态在总量中的比例占到一半以上,具有极大的生态风险.

Heavy Metal Contamination in Farmland Soils at an E-waste Disassembling Site in Qingyuan, Guangdong, South China

Crude e-waste dismantling activities have caused a series of environmental pollution problems, and the pollutants released from the dismantling activities would finally pose high risks to human health by means of the accumulation through food chains. To explore the contamination status of heavy metals to the surrounding farmland soils in Longtang and Shijiao Town, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China, 22 farmland soil samples were collected and analyzed for the contents, spatial distributions and chemical forms of 6 heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr and Ni). The results showed that the 6 heavy metals exhibited obvious accumulations when compared to the corresponding background values in Guangdong Province. According to farmland environmental quality evaluation standard for edible agricultural products HJ 332-2006, the pollution severity of heavy metals was evaluated by monomial pollution index and Nemerow synthetic pollution index methods, the results indicated that 72.7% of the soil samples contained one or more kinds of heavy metals with higher concentrations than the corresponding standard values, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were the main metals in the polluted soils, and for the proportion of contaminated soil samples in all the 22 samples, Cd was the highest, followed by Cu, and finally Pb and Zn. Nemerow synthetic pollution index further revealed that 68.2% of soil samples were contaminated, and among them 53.3% of samples were heavily contaminated. Most of the heavy metals were well correlated with each other at the 0.05 or 0.01 level, which indicated that primitive e-waste recycling activities were an important source of the heavy metal contamination in Longtang and Shijiao Town. The contents of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in surface soils were higher than those of other soil layers, and the contents of these 4 metals in deep soils (20-100 cm) did not show significant decreases with the increasing depths. The contents of Cr and Ni maintained constant, and exhibited no statistical differences with the sampling depths. Sequential leaching tests showed that the active fractions of Pb, Cu and Cd ranged from 36.9% to 90.6%, 39.6% to 93.9% and 43.7% to 99.6%, with mean values of 61.3%, 65.3% and 80.7%, respectively. The active fractions of these three metals in most samples accounted for more than half of their own total contents, which would cause a high ecological risk.