广西龙江沉积物重金属污染现状及生物有效性

系统采集广西龙江33个表层沉积物样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析测定沉积物样品中重金属含量及其潜在生物可利用态含量,结合富集因子(EF)污染评价方法、Pearson相关性分析与主成分(PCA)分析等统计方法,查明了龙江表层沉积物中重金属(As、Cd、Pb、Sb、Zn和Tl)的污染现状、可能来源及其生物有效性.结果表明,龙江表层沉积物中存在不同程度的重金属(As、Cd、Pb、Sb和Zn)污染现象,它们的最大值分别可达67.0、7.42、227、229和807 mg·kg-1.而Tl含量较低,变化范围较小.重金属污染区域主要集中在干流龙江河中下游、支流大环江下游以及东小江.重金属污染程度大小依次为CdSbZnPbAsTl.As、Cd、Pb、Sb和Zn主要来源于有色金属开采和冶炼工业、城市生活污水以及农业活动等人为源,而Tl主要来源于矿物、岩石自然风化等自然源.沉积物中重金属的生物有效性主要受到来源控制.重金属高生物有效性区域主要集中在人为污染强烈的区域(干流中下游和大环江下游),其中As、Cd、Pb、Sb和Zn的平均生物可利用态比例分别达到26%、51%、49%、38%和47%.龙江沉积物中重金属的高富集系数以及高生物有效性极可能对龙江生态系统造成极高的潜在危害.

Spatial Distribution, Sources and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Longjiang River, Southern China

In order to evaluate the pollution status, possible sources, and bioavailability of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Zn, and Tl), 33 surface sediments were collected from Longjiang River, Southern China. The total concentrations and potential bioavailable concentrations of the heavy metals were analyzed using ICP-MS. Enrichment factors (EFs), Pearson correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to further assess their pollution degree and potential sources. Results showed that the surface sediments of Longjiang River have been suffering heavy metal (As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn) pollution to different degrees. The maximum concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn were 67.0, 7.42, 227, 229, and 807 mg·kg^-1, respectively, while the Tl concentration were very low, with little variation. Moreover, the polluted sites were mostly located in the mid-lower of the main stem and in tributaries (Dongxioajiang and downstream of Dahuanjiang), and the pollution degree of the heavy metals, in a descending order, were Cd > Sb > Zn > Pb > As > Tl. Pearson correlation analysis and PCA indicated that As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn predominantly originated from anthropogenic inputs, including nonferrous metal mining and smelting, municipal sewage, and agricultural activities, and Tl mostly derived from natural rock weathering. The bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments tended to be controlled by their sources. The percentages of bioavailable heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn) in the highly anthropogenic impacted areas (the mid-lower of the main stem and downstream of Dongxiaojiang tributary) were also high, with the average percentages of bioavailable As, Cd, Pb, Sb, and Zn of 26%, 51%, 49%, 38%, and 47%, respectively. High EF values and high bioavailable percentages of heavy metals easily and greatly cause high ecological risk of Longjiang River.