雾霾重污染期间北京居民对高浓度PM2.5持续暴露的健康风险及其损害价值评估

开展短期内高浓度空气污染造成的人体健康风险评价以及健康经济损失研究,对推进城市大气污染防控,保证人民群众的健康水平具有重要的科学价值和实际意义.研究选择2013年1月发生的北京市雾霾重污染事件,采用泊松回归模型评价全市居民对10~15日高浓度PM2.5暴露的急性健康损害风险,并采用环境价值评估方法估算人群健康损害的经济损失.结果表明,短期高浓度PM2.5污染对人群健康风险较高,约造成早逝201例,呼吸系统疾病住院1 056例,心血管疾病住院545例,儿科门诊7 094例,内科门诊16 881例,急性支气管炎10 132例,哮喘7 643例.相关健康经济损失高达4.89亿元(95%CI:2.04~7.49),其中早逝与急性支气管炎、哮喘三者占总损失的90%以上.建议应针对不同人群不同健康终点的健康风险进行健康预警并开展及早医学干预,以降低类似空气重污染事件给居民健康带来的风险和损失.

An Assessment of PM2.5 Related Health Risks and Impaired Values of Beijing Residents in a Consecutive High-Level Exposure During Heavy Haze Days

It has important scientific value and practical significance for urban atmospheric air pollution control and people health protection to carry out health risk assessment as well as impaired value assessment of short-term high concentrations of air pollution. Using the Poisson regression model and environmental valuation method, this study estimated the health risks and impaired values of Beijing residents in a consecutive high-level PM_2.5 exposure during the heavy haze pollution occurred from January 10^th to 15^th, 2013.The results show that, substantial health risks due to PM_2.5 air pollution were occurred in six pollution days, including 201 cases of premature deaths, 1056 and 545 cases of hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, 7094 and 16881 cases of pediatric and internal outpatients each, 10132 cases of acute bronchitis and 7643 cases of asthma respectively. Correspondingly, approximate 489(95% CI:204-749) million RMB health-related economic loss was evaluated, of which more than 90% was attributable to premature deaths, acute bronchitis and asthma. It is recommended that health risks and economic losses can be reduced through early health warning and timely medical intervention for various groups of people with different health endpoints.