小流域农业面源氮污染时空特征及与土壤呼吸硝化关系分析

土壤呼吸与硝化特性是控制土壤生态系统中氮素转化和面源氮流失的关键因子,也是土壤氮循环的重要组成部分.选取位于巢湖北部的柘皋河流域作为案例研究区,应用BaPS技术测定林地和农田土壤呼吸、硝化和反硝化特性,运用SWAT模型分析农业面源氮污染输出的时空特征,并初步探讨土壤呼吸和硝化特性与农业面源氮污染的相互作用关系.结果表明,由于土地利用和施肥量的变化,1996~2012年间的年均和月均面源氮污染负荷明显大于1980~1995年间的模拟结果,不同月份的面源氮污染输出负荷均存在显著性差异,月均氮负荷受降雨量影响密切.1996~2012年流域面源总氮流失平均负荷为10.40 kg·hm-2,明显大于1980~1995年的8.10 kg·hm-2,方差分析表明两个时期面源总氮流失负荷的空间分布存在一定的差异.林地的呼吸速率远大于农田的呼吸速率.农田较高的总硝化速率和反硝化速率导致土壤氮库中的氮素减少,从而在一定程度上使得面源氮污染的输出负荷减小.农田土壤的总硝化速率大于反硝化速率,导致农田硝态氮的面源污染流失量增加,而有机氮的流失量有所减少.因此,土壤呼吸与硝化特性的研究有利于从土壤生物学角度深入分析土壤氮循环,对农业面源氮污染的防治具有重要的理论和现实意义.

Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Agricultural Diffuse Nitrogen Pollution and Relationship with Soil Respiration and Nitrification

The soil respiration, nitrification and denitrification processes play an important role on soil nitrogen transformation and diffuse nitrogen loading. These processes are also the chains for soil circle. In this study, the Zhegao watershed located north of Chaohu Lake was selected to explore the interactions of these processes with diffuse nitrogen pollution. The BaPS (Barometric Process Separation) was applied to analyze the soil respiration, nitrification and denitrification processes in farmland and forest. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) simulated the temporal and spatial pattern of diffuse nitrogen loading. As the expanding of farmland and higher level of fertilization, the yearly mean loading of diffuse nitrogen increased sustainably from 1980-1995 to 1996-2012.The monthly loading in 1996-2012 was also higher than that in the period of 1980-1995, which closely related to the precipitation. The statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between two periods. The yearly averaged loading of the whole watershed in 1996-2012 was 10.40 kg·hm^-2, which was 8.10 kg·hm^-2 in 1980-1995.The variance analysis demonstrated that there was also a big difference between the spatial distributions of two periods. The forest soil had much higher soil respiration than the farmland soil. But the farmland had higher nitrification and denitrification rates. The more intensive nitrogen transformation in the farmland contributed to the less diffuse nitrogen loading. As the nitrification rate of farmland was higher than denitrification rate, agricultural diffuse nitrate nitrogen loading would increase and organic nitrogen loading would reduce. The analysis of soil respiration, nitrification and denitrification is helpful for the study of soil nitrogen circle form the aspect of soil biology, which also benefits the control of agricultural diffuse nitrogen pollution.