兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价

为探究大气降尘中重金属污染程度及存在的健康风险,在兰州市设置11个采样点采集大气降尘,分析降尘重金属含量.结果表明,兰州市大气降尘中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn含量平均值分别为82.22、130.31、4.34、88.73、40.64、369.23、501.49 mg·kg-1,除Mn以外其他元素在不同功能区差异较大.富集因子分析显示,Mn为轻微富集,Zn、Ni、Cu和Cr富集因子较高,Pb和Cd为极强富集.地积累指数评价平均生态危害表明:Cr在全年无实际污染,Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb浓度处于轻度污染至偏重度污染之间,Cd为严重至极度污染;大气降尘重金属在10月~次年3月污染相对严重,从4~8月污染程度较轻.手-口途径摄入是降尘重金属引起非致癌风险的最主要途径,儿童的非致癌风险大于成人,总非致癌风险次序为Pb>Cr>Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn,所研究重金属非致癌风险都低于风险限值;降尘中的Cr、Cd、Ni通过呼吸途径不具有致癌风险.

Pollution Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals from Atmospheric Deposition in Lanzhou

In order to evaluate the contamination and health risk of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Lanzhou, samples of atmospheric deposition were collected from 11 sampling sites respectively and their concentrations of heavy metals were determined. The results showed that the average contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn and Mn were 82.22, 130.31, 4.34, 88.73, 40.64, 369.23 and 501.49 mg·kg^-1, respectively. There was great difference among different functional areas for all elements except Mn. According to the results, the enrichment factor score of Mn was close to 1, while the enrichment of Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr was more serious, and Pb and Cd were extremely enriched. The assessment results of geoaccumulation index of potential ecological risk indicated that the pollution of Cd in the atmospheric deposition of Lanzhou should be classified as extreme degree, and that of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb as between slight and extreme degrees, and Cr as practically uncontaminated. Contaminations of atmospheric dust by heavy metals in October to the next March were more serious than those from April to August. Health risk assessment indicated that the heavy metals in atmospheric deposition were mainly ingested by human bodies through hand-mouth ingestion. The non-cancer risk was higher for children than for adults. The order of non-cancer hazard indexes of heavy metals was Pb>Cr>Cd>Cu>Ni>Zn. The non-cancer hazard indexes and carcinogen risks of heavy metals were both lower than their threshold values, suggesting that they will not harm the health.