宁波市典型城市下垫面雨水径流污染特征解析

雨水径流污染影响受纳水体水质,为掌握宁波市雨水径流污染特征,于2009～2019年开展了8场降雨调查,采用频率统计分析和相关性分析方法研究了中心城区的屋面、广场、绿地、小区道路、商业街道路和城市主干道等不同下垫面的雨水径流污染水平,径流污染来源,以及中小雨型径流水质的冲刷规律.结果表明,宁波市各下垫面雨水径流的化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、总氮、总磷和总悬浮固体(TSS)等污染指标的次降雨径流平均浓度(EMC)均值分别介于23.88～102.31、 0.40～1.69、 3.41～8.71、 0.09～0.50及37.6～323.4mg·L~(-1)之间.除广场外,其它各下垫面雨水径流的COD和总氮污染严重,屋面、商业街和小区雨水径流氨氮显著高于广场、绿地和主干道(P0.05),商业街、主干道和绿地雨水径流总磷浓度显著高于(P0.05)其它下垫面;屋面、广场、主干道及商业街雨水径流中的TSS与COD、氨氮、总磷具有同源性质,绿地和小区雨水径流的氨氮和总氮具有同源性质;在中小雨情景下屋面和绿地等下垫面的氨氮较易形成初始冲刷效应,而广场、小区和城市主干道等下垫面的总氮和总磷初始冲刷效应并不明显.

Analysis of Rainwater Runoff Pollution Characteristics of Various Typical Underlying Surfaces in Ningbo

The pollution of rainwater runoff in urban areas can cause nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in receiving waters. To explore the pollution characteristics of rainwater runoff in Ningbo, eight sampling campaigns were carried out during rainfall events from 2009 to 2019. Samples of rainwater runoff were collected from underlying surfaces of roofs, squares, grassland, main roads, and the roads in commercial streets and residential districts. The concentrations of runoff pollutants, their sources and correlations, and first flush effects were studied using frequency statistical analysis and correlation analysis. The average event mean concentrations of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids (TSS) in the rainwater runoff in Ningbo were in the ranges of 23.88-102.31, 0.40-1.69, 3.41-8.71, 0.09-0.50, and 37.6-323.4 mg·L^-1, respectively. Apart from the square surfaces, the COD and total nitrogen pollution of the underlying surfaces was severe. The ammonia nitrogen concentrations from the roof, commercial street, and residential district surfaces were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from the square, grassland, and main road surfaces. The concentrations of total phosphorus from the commercial street, main road, and grassland surfaces were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the other underlying surfaces. The correlations of TSS with COD, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus showed that the pollutants and TSS have the same original sources in roof, square, main road, and commercial street runoff, while ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen have the same original sources in runoff from grassland and residential areas. Under the meteorological conditions of light and moderate rain, the first flush effects of ammonia nitrogen in the runoff of roofs and grassland were observed clearly, whereas this was not the same for the pollutants of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the residential area, main road, and square runoff.