持久性、迁移性和潜在毒性化学品环境健康风险与控制研究现状及趋势分析

持久性、迁移性、毒性或高持久和高迁移性化学品(PMT/vPvM)在全球地表水、地下水和饮用水水体已被广泛检出，是未来可能显著影响人类健康和环境的一类重要新兴污染物.按照欧盟提议的鉴别标准，现有化学品中的PMT/vPvM数以千计，涉及用途广泛，包括三聚氰胺等数10种较高产量的工业化学品.PMT/vPvM可通过农田径流、工业废水和生活污水排入环境，污水处理厂目前被认为是其主要排放途径.因难以被现行常规水处理技术有效去除，PMT/vPvM可长期存在于城镇人居环境水循环系统中，危及居民饮用水及生态系统安全.欧盟已率先开始将PMT/vPvM专门纳入现行化学品风险管理体系中的优先范畴.目前，环境中仍有众多潜在PMT/vPvM,其监测方法亟待进一步完善，物质鉴定、类别范围及清单建立均尚需时日；PMT/vPvM在全球各地区的环境分布和暴露研究十分有限，其潜在、长期的生态毒性和人体健康危害效应研究较为匮乏.与此同时，替代品或替代技术以及污水处理、污染场地修复等环境工程治理技术的研究和开发，都将成为未来PMT/vPvM风险科学研究与管理决策的迫切需求.

Research Status and Trend Analysis of Environmental and Health Risk and Control of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic Chemicals

Persistent, mobile, and toxic or very persistent and very mobile (PMT/vPvM) chemicals have been widely detected in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water around the world and are important emerging contaminants that may significantly affect human health and the environment in the future. According to the identification criteria proposed by the European Union, there are thousands of PMT/vPvM substances in existing chemicals, covering a wide range of applications, including dozens of high-yield industrial chemicals such as melamine. PMT/vPvM chemicals can be discharged into the environment through farmland runoff, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage, and sewage treatment plants are currently considered to be their main discharge route. It is difficult to effectively remove PMT/vPvM chemicals through the current conventional water treatment technology; they can exist in the water circulation system of the urban human settlement environment for a long time, endangering the safety of drinking water and the ecosystem. The European Union has taken the lead in introducing PMT/vPvM chemicals specifically into the priority areas of the current chemical risk management system. At present, there are still many potential PMT/vPvM chemicals in the environment, and their monitoring methods need to be further improved. It will take time for the identification of substances, the scope of categories, and the establishment of lists. Studies on the environmental fate and exposure of PMT/vPvM in various regions of the world are still very limited, and research on the potential, long-term ecotoxicity, and human health hazard effects remains scarce. At the same time, the research and development of substitute or alternative technologies, as well as environmental engineering treatment technologies such as sewage treatment and contaminated site remediation, will become an urgent need for future PMT/vPvM risk scientific research and management decisions.