龙口煤矿区土壤重金属污染评价与空间分布特征

以龙口市北部煤矿区为研究区,采集36个表层土壤样本,对Cd、As、Ni、Pb和Cr这5种重金属含量进行测定,利用地统计分析、主成分分析、加权平均综合污染评价等方法,结合GIS技术分别对5种重金属含量的空间分布特征、污染来源、综合污染程度进行了探索分析.结果表明,土壤样本中5种重金属富集现象显著,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为背景值,超标率分别达到72.22%、100%、100%、91.67%、100%.样本重金属含量均值全部超过国家二级标准,分别为背景值的1.53、11.86、2.40、1.31、4.09倍;且远远高于山东省东部地区表层土壤背景值,含量倍数分别为9.85、39.98、8.85、4.29与12.71倍.基于半变异函数模型分析得出,块金效应从高到低依次为As(0.644)Cd(0.627)Cr(0.538)Ni(0.411)Pb(0.294),均属中等空间相关性,重金属含量空间分布呈现中部桑园煤矿及其周围含量最高,东部与西部含量较低的特征.经主成分分析发现,Cd、As、Ni和Cr主要来源于污水灌溉、工业企业排放和工业活动;汽车尾气与煤炭燃烧是Pb的主要污染源.单因子污染程度评价显示,不同重金属污染程度依次为AsCrNiCdPb.综合污染程度评价显示,研究区土壤重金属综合污染程度较高,综合污染指数范围处于2.17~4.66之间,中度污染与重度污染样本分别为10个和26个,重度污染地区主要分布在桑园煤矿、北皂煤矿、柳海煤矿区域,中度污染地区包括洼里煤矿、梁家煤矿等区域.本文研究结果将为在研究区开展生态风险评估研究工作提供数据参考与理论支持.

Pollution Assessment and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soils of Coal Mining Area in Longkou City

The present paper takes the coal mining area of Longkou City as the research area. Thirty-six topsoil(0-20 cm) samples were collected and the contents of 5 kinds of heavy metals were determined, including Cd, As, Ni, Pb, Cr. Geo-statistics analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of heavy metals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore the pollution sources of heavy metals and the degree of heavy metals pollution was evaluated by weighted average comprehensive pollution evaluation method. The results showed that enrichment phenomenon was significant for the 5 kinds of heavy metals. Taking secondary standard of National Environment Quality Standard for Soil as the background value, their exceed standard rates were 72.22%, 100%, 100%, 91.67%, 100%, respectively. Average contents of heavy metals in the soil samples were all over the national standard level two and were 1.53, 11.86, 2.40, 1.31, 4.09 times of the background value. In addition, the average contents were much higher than the background value of the topsoil in the eastern part of Shandong Province and were 9.85, 39.98, 8.85, 4.29, 12.71 times of the background value. According to the semivariogram model, we obtained the nugget-effects of 5 kinds of heavy metals and their values were in the order of As (0.644) > Cd (0.627) > Cr (0.538) > Ni (0.411) > Pb (0.294), all belonging to moderate spatial correlation. On the whole, the central part of the Sangyuan Coal Mine and its surrounding areas were the most seriously polluted, while the pollution of heavy metals in the east and west of the study area was relatively light. Principal component analysis suggested that the enrichment of Cd, As, Ni, Cr was due to irrigation of wastewater, the discharge of industry and enterprise, and the industrial activity. Automobile exhaust and coal combustion were the main pollution sources of Pb. The single-factor assessment of heavy metals pollution showed that the degree of different heavy metals pollution was in the order of As > Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb. Simultaneously, comprehensive pollution evaluation showed that the degree of heavy metals pollution in the study area was very serious, with comprehensive pollution index ranging from 2.17 to 4.66, among which, the numbers of moderate and heavy pollution samples were 10 and 26, respectively. Areas with heavy pollution were mainly distributed in the Sangyuan Coal Mine, Beizao Coal Mine, Liuhai Coal Mine; and the areas with moderate pollution covered Wali Coal Mine, Liangjia Coal Mine, and other regions. The results of this paper will provide data reference and theoretical support for the study of ecological risk assessment in the study area.