重庆南山表层岩溶泉与地下河三氮运移及氮通量估算

岩溶区特殊的地质构造使地下水系统存在多重水流.为研究三氮在表层岩溶带水流和地下河水流中的特征和运移方式,选取城市化进程中的重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域表层岩溶泉和地下河按月采样,分析水化学特征,结合SPSS的相关性分析,认为两种水流三氮特征差异很大.表层岩溶泉三氮质量浓度月变化小,受降水、污水影响较小,NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N;地下河水三氮质量浓度月变化大,受降水、污水影响较大,旱季NH_4~+-NNO_3~--N,雨季NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N.表层岩溶泉DIN主要来源于与农业活动有关的非点源污染,在土壤、表层岩溶带中经氨化、吸附、硝化作用等过程以扩散流形式运移至出露地表.地下河DIN随管道流、扩散流运移,并以管道流为主.DIN全年有点源的工业、生活污染物经落水洞、裂隙、溶隙进入.雨季同时存在占更大比例的非点源污染物,或由降雨产生的表面坡流、壤中流、表层岩溶带水流经落水洞进入,或经深裂隙、溶隙下渗进入,硝化作用明显.流域DIN输出通量为56.05 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N分别占46.03%、52.51%;根据径流分割法估算出点源污染、非点源污染的贡献率分别为25.08%、74.92%.

Characteristics and Transport Patterns of Ammonia, Nitrites, Nitrates and Inorganic Nitrogen Flux at Epikarst Springs and a Subterranean Stream in Nanshan, Chongqing

In a karst groundwater system, it develops complex multiple flows because of its special geological structure and unique physical patterns of aquifers. In order to investigate the characteristics and transport patterns of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in epikarst water and subterranean stream, the water samples were collected monthly in a fast-urbanizing karst region. The results showed distinctive characteristics of three forms of inorganic nitrogen. The concentration of inorganic nitrogen was stable in the epikarst water while it was fluctuant in the subterranean stream. Epikarst water was less affected by rainfall and sewage compared with subterranean stream. In epikarst water, the nitrate concentration was much higher than the ammonia concentration. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, mainly from non-point source pollution related to agricultural activities, passed in and out of the epikarst water based on a series of physical, chemical and biological processes in the epikarst zone, such as ammonification, adsorption and nitrification. On the contrary, subterranean stream showed a result of NH₄⁺-N >NO₃^--N in dry seasons and NO₃^--N >NH₄⁺-N in rainy seasons. This can be due to the fact that sanitary and industrial sewage flowed into subterranean river through sinkholes, fissures and grikes in dry season. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen in subterranean river was mainly from the non-point source pollution in wet season. Non-point source pollutants entered into subterranean water by two transport ways, one by penetration along with vadose flow through fissures and grikes, and the other by conduit flow through sinkholes from the surface runoff, soil water flow and epikarst flow. The export flux of DIN was 56.05 kg ·(hm² ·a)^-1, and NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N accounted for 46.03% and 52.51%, respectively. The contributions of point-source pollution and non point-source pollution to the export flux of DIN were 25.08% and 74.92%, respectively, based on run-off division method.