内蒙古包头白云鄂博矿区及尾矿区周围土壤稀土污染现状和分布特征

对位于内蒙古草原生态系统的包头尾矿库区和白云鄂博稀土矿区土壤中稀土元素的污染现状和分布特征进行调查研究,旨在为掌握草原矿区土壤的稀土污染现状并为其治理提供基础数据和理论依据.结果表明,与内蒙古地区的背景值相比较,包头尾矿库区不同方位土壤中7种稀土元素都存在一定程度的累积,其含量分布顺序为Ce>La>Nd>Pr>Sm>Y>Eu;尾矿库区各方位土壤稀土污染最严重为距尾矿库边缘50 m范围以内的区域,最高可达La 11 145.0 mg.kg-1、Ce 23 636.0mg.kg-1、Pr 4 568.16 mg.kg-1、Nd 6 855.51 mg.kg-1、Sm 582.18 mg.kg-1、Eu 94.21 mg.kg-1、Y 136.25 mg.kg-1;受包头尾矿区常年主导风向西北风的影响,处于下风向的东南方位污染最为严重,其次为东北、西南、西北方位.对于白云鄂博矿区而言,采矿区土壤7种稀土元素的含量明显高于其他区域,其含量平均值为La 3 112.56 mg.kg-1、Ce 7 142.12 mg.kg-1、Pr1 467.12 mg.kg-1、Nd 2 552.80 mg.kg-1、Sm 210.80 mg.kg-1、Eu 36.20 mg.kg-1、Y 63.22 mg.kg-1;调查研究的6个区域稀土元素污染的程度大小顺序为:采矿区>场区外>铁路东侧>排土场>城区外>铁路西侧;另外,铁路运输矿石也已经造成了沿线土壤的稀土污染,常年主导风向对铁路沿线土壤中稀土元素的分布有一定的影响.包头尾矿库区和白云鄂博采矿区的土壤具有相似的稀土污染特征,与尾矿砂中同种稀土元素的含量相对应,对当地草原生态系统的健康稳定构成了威胁.

Distribution Characteristic and Current Situation of Soil Rare Earth Contamination in the Bayan Obo Mining Area and Baotou Tailing Reservoir in Inner Mongolia

The pollution status and distribution characteristic of rare earth elements in soil were analyzed around Bayan Obo mining area and Baotou tailing reservoir located in Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem, aiming at grasping the overall situation of grassland ecosystem pollution caused by rare earth elements and providing basic information as well as theoretical basis. The results indicated that seven rare earth elements in soils from different directions of Baotou tailing reservoir accumulated to a certain extent compared to the soil background value of Inner Mongolia. The pollution degree was Ce>La>Nd>Pr>Sm>Y>Eu. Within 50 m from the edge of tailing reservoir, soil rare earth contamination was the most serious, with the concentrations of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Y reaching 11145.0 mg·kg^-1, 23636.0 mg·kg^-1, 4568.16 mg·kg^-1, 6855.51 mg·kg^-1, 582.18 mg·kg^-1, 94.21 mg·kg^-1, and 136.25 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Owing to the dominant wind direction of northwest, soils from the southeast were contaminated most seriously. For Bayan Obo mining area, the concentrations of seven rare earth elements in soil from the mining area were significantly higher than those of other areas investigated, with the concentrations of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Y reaching 3112.56 mg·kg^-1, 7142.12 mg·kg^-1, 1467.12 mg·kg^-1, 2552.80 mg·kg^-1, 210.80 mg·kg^-1, 36.20 mg·kg^-1 and 63.22 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The soils of six areas of Bayan Obo mining area were all contaminated by rare earth elements, and the contamination degree was in the order of mining area>outside the dump>east side of the railway>the dump>outside the urban area>west side of the railway. Besides, the transportation of rare earth ore led to the soil rare earth contamination along the railway, and the distribution characteristic of rare earth elements in soils along the railway was affected by the dominant wind direction of northwest. Baotou tailing reservoir and Bayan Obo mining area had the same contamination characteristic, and the concentrations of rare earth elements were in accordance with those in the tailings. The health and stabilization of local grassland ecosystem are being threatened by excessive soil rare earth elements.