不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究

为揭示三峡库区坡耕地在不同雨强下氮、磷养分随地表径流和壤中流的输出规律,在香溪河流域选择具有代表性的黄棕壤坡耕地进行原位人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明,在降雨总量一定的情况下,随雨强的增大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙侵蚀量均呈明显的增加趋势,而壤中流流量减少.不同雨强下地表径流中TN、DN、DP均存在明显的初期径流冲刷效应,TP在整个降雨过程中波动较大,呈微弱降低的变化趋势;壤中流中TN、DN、DP随降雨持续输出浓度无明显变化,TP在径流初期出现浓度峰值,之后减少并趋于稳定.雨强对磷素的影响更直接,雨强越大,磷素径流浓度也越大,氮、磷养分的平均浓度均远超出水体富营养化阈值.随雨强的增大,TN径流流失量减小,TP流失量增大,TN随地表径流流失贡献率随雨强的增大由36.5%增加至57.6%,磷素以地表径流为主,贡献率达90.0%以上,因此,控氮关键是减少壤中流的产生,控磷则需防止土壤侵蚀.随雨强的减小,地表径流中以溶解态流失的氮素比例升高,壤中流中均以溶解态为主,磷素的流失在不同雨强和径流形式下均以颗粒态为主.

Characteristics of Nutrient Loss by Runoff in Sloping Arable Land of Yellow-brown Under Different Rainfall Intensities

In order to investigate the loss characteristics of N and P through surface flow and interflow under different rainfall intensities, a field experiment was conducted on the sloping arable land covered by typical yellow-brown soils inXiangxi River watershed by artificial rainfall. The results showed that the discharge of surface flow, total runoff and sediment increased with the increase of rain intensity, while the interflow was negatively correlated with rain intensity under the same total rainfall. TN, DN and DP were all flushed at the very beginning in surface flow underdifferent rainfall intensities; TP fluctuated and kept consistent in surface flow without obvious downtrend. While TN, DN and DP in interflow kept relatively stable in the whole runoff process, TP was high at the early stage, then rapidly decreased with time and kept steady finally. P was directly influenced by rainfall intensity, its concentration in the runoff increased with the increase of the rainfall intensity, the average concentration of N and P both exceeded the threshold of eutrophication of freshwater. The higher the amount of P loss was, the higher the rain intensity. The change of N loss was the opposite. The contribution rate of TN loss carried by surface flow increased from 36.5% to 57.6% with the increase of rainfall intensity, but surface flow was the primary form of P loss which contributed above 90.0%. Thus, it is crucial to control interflow in order to reduce N loss. In addition, measures should be taken to effectively manage soil erosion to mitigate P loss. The proportion of dissolved nitrogen in surface flow elevated with the decrease of rainfall intensity, but in interflow, dissolved form was predominant. P was exported mainly in the form of particulate under different rainfall intensities and runoff conditions.