全氟和多氟烷基化合物的环境风险评估研究现状、不确定性与趋势分析

本研究系统梳理了国际学术界关于全氟和多氟烷基化合物(perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)的术语、范畴和应用物质的界定与变迁,以PFASs的环境危害性评估和暴露评估为重心,综述评析当前关于PFASs环境风险评估研究现状、不确定性和发展趋势.总体上,PFASs风险评估正面临着物质谱系复杂、种类众多、衍生关系复杂、商业秘密及风险不确定的复杂局面.尽管长链PFASs的环境风险已获广泛认可,但以其替代品形式大量涌现的短链PFASs及各类短链氟调聚物的环境危害性、环境行为和暴露风险则尚存很多的不确定性与研究空白,国际社会对于PFASs的风险控制范畴值得商榷.PFASs替代物质的结构和风险信息因商业秘密及市场竞争因素而缺乏公开性和透明度,多数含氟和非氟替代品的环境风险尚有待识别.总之,国际上对PFASs风险评估研究呈现出由以全氟辛烷磺酸类化合物(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid,PFOS)和全氟辛酸类化合物(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)等为代表的长链全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids,PFAAs)逐步扩展到短链PFAAs,再扩展到其他非PFAAs的PFASs物种的发展趋势.当前亟待解决及未来将持续研究关注的主要问题:关于短链PFASs的生物累积性和环境迁移性等关键环境危害性的评估指标和方法的优化,以及其环境释放和多介质环境归趋;中性PFASs的环境归趋及其作为短链PFAAs潜在前体物质的转化与贡献;未来PFASs含氟或非氟替代品的风险识别和评估.

Status Quo, Uncertainties and Trends Analysis of Environmental Risk Assessment for PFASs

This study systematically combed the definition and change of terms, category and application of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in international academic, focusing on the environmental risk and exposure assessment of PFASs, to comprehensively analyze the current status, uncertainties and trends of PFASs' environmental risk assessment. Overall, the risk assessment of PFASs is facing a complicated situation involving complex substance pedigrees, various types, complex derivative relations, confidential business information and risk uncertainties. Although the environmental risk of long-chain PFASs has been widely recognized, the short-chain PFASs and short-chain fluorotelomers as their alternatives still have many research gaps and uncertainties in environmental hazards, environmental fate and exposure risk. The scope of risk control of PFASs in the international community is still worth discussing. Due to trade secrets and market competition, the chemical structure and risk information of PFASs' alternatives are generally lack of openness and transparency. The environmental risk of most fluorinated and non-fluorinated alternatives is not clear. In total, the international research on PFASs risk assessment gradually transfer from long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) represented by perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to short-chain PFAAs, and then extends to other PFASs. The main problems to be solved urgently and researched continuously are: the environmental hazardous assessment indexes, such as bioaccumulation and environmental migration, optimization method, the environmental release and multimedia environmental fate of short-chain PFASs; the environmental fate of neutral PFASs and the transformation and contribution as precursors of short-chain PFASs; the risk identification and assessment of fluorinated and non-fluorinated alternatives of PFASs.