不同钝化剂对鸡粪堆肥重金属钝化效果及其腐熟度指标的影响

为探究不同钝化剂对畜禽粪便处理效果,以鸡粪和稻草秸秆为原料,采用高温酵素快速堆肥方法,研究添加海泡石(SE)、钙镁磷肥(NP)、生物炭(BI)单一及复配钝化剂海泡石+钙镁磷肥(S+N)、海泡石+生物炭(S+B)、钙镁磷肥+生物炭(N+B)、海泡石+钙镁磷肥+生物炭(SNB)对鸡粪有机肥的理化性质、重金属形态分布及有机质变化的影响.结果表明,添加不同钝化剂堆肥后显著增加鸡粪有机肥pH(P 0. 05),种子发芽率有所增加(80%以上),发芽抑制率相应降低,而电导率(EC)、有机碳全氮含量和碳氮比(C/N)均较堆肥前有所降低,各项指标均达到有机肥腐熟标准.但堆肥后各组间差异为:在pH方面复配处理pH增加较高,在电导率方面单一海泡石和钙镁磷肥处理下EC值降幅较大,而有机碳全氮含量和碳氮比各组差异不明显.虽然由于"浓缩效应"导致鸡粪有机肥重金属总量有所增加,但鸡粪有机肥中重金属可溶态比例下降,残渣态比例均有所增加,添加钝化材料后发现复配钝化剂对重金属钝化效果好于单一钝化剂,其中SNB处理对Ni、Zn、As和Pb钝化效果最好.堆肥处理后,腐殖酸(HS)和胡敏酸(HA)浓度均显著上升(P 0. 05),最高分别增加19. 8%和78. 9%,富里酸(FA)则较初始条件下降低4. 47%～20. 11%.红外光谱分析发现堆肥后多糖小分子类物质均不同程度增加.综上所述,投加钝化剂对鸡粪有机肥重金属钝化有一定的促进作用,从而使堆肥达到无害化效果.

Effect of Different Passivating Agents on the Stabilization of Heavy Metals in Chicken Manure Compost and Its Maturity Evaluating Indexes

We explore the effects of different passivating agents on livestock manure treatment by using chicken manure and straw as raw materials and thermophilic rapid fermentation. We investigate the effects of sepiolite (SE), calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (NP), biochar (BI), compounds of sepiolite plus calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (S+N), sepiolite plus biochar (S+B), calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer plus biochar (N+B), and sepiolite plus calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and biochar (SNB) on the physical and chemical characteristics, heavy metal fraction and distribution, and organic matter content in chicken manure compost. The results showed that the addition of different passivating agents significantly increased the pH in chicken manure organic fertilizer (P<0.05). The seed germination rate was increased after applying of passivation agents, being>80%, and the germination inhibition rate decreased accordingly, whereas the values of electric conductivity (EC) and organic carbon were inhibited. The total nitrogen content and carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) were lower than of those before composting, and all of the indicators reached the standard of organic fertilizer maturity. However, differences among the groups after composting were that the pH increase in the compounding treatment was comparatively higher, and that the EC decreased significantly under the treatment of the single sepiolite and calcium magnesium phosphate, whereas the total nitrogen content and C/N ratio of organic carbon were not significantly different in each group. Although the total amount of heavy metals in our organic chicken manure fertilizer increased due to a concentration effect, the proportion of exchangeable heavy metals in the fertilizer decreased, and while the ratio of the residual heavy metals increased. The passivation effect on heavy metals under combined treatments of different materials was better than that of a single agent, and the SNB treatment had the best effect on the passivation of Ni, Zn, As, and Pb. After composting treatment, the concentrations of humic substances (HS) and humic acid (HA) increased significantly (P<0.05), and the highest concentrations increased by 19.8% and 78.9%, respectively. The amount of fulvic acid (FA) decreased by 4.47%-20.11% compared with the initial conditions. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the small molecular substances of polysaccharides increased after composting. In summary, the addition of a passivation agent can promote the heavy metal passivation in chicken manure organic fertilizers to potentially render the compost as harmless.