近2年上海市夏季降水地球化学特征研究

在连续监测采样分析基础上运用相关性分析、主成分分析、海盐示踪法和HYSPLIT模型,分析了上海市2008年和2009年夏季降水主要成分的化学特征、来源及酸性降水的成因.近2年夏季降水中,pH平均值分别为4.72和4.68,酸雨频率分别为53.30%和63.30%;离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24-NH 4+NO 3-Cl-Ca2+Na+Mg2+K+,其中SO42-、NH 4+、NO 3-等二次组分在降水中占有较高比例,三者之和分别占降水中离子总量的55.01%和65.97%,表明上海市大气环境中二次污染比较突出;SO42-/NO 3-的当量比分别为3.19和2.13,表明该市夏季酸性降水类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量变化范围为1.36～10.69 mg/L,平均含量为2.44 mg/L;NH 4+同SO24-(r=0.81)、NO 3-(r=0.58)的相关性分别大于Ca2+同SO24-(r=0.72)、NO 3-(r=0.57)的相关性,且NH 4+/Ca2+的当量比分别为1.31和2.49,说明NH 4+对夏季降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+;夏季降水中,SO42-、NH 4+、NO 3-、K+、Ca2+主要是陆源物质输入,Mg2+、Cl-两者海、陆源物质都有贡献且陆源贡献大于海源.后向轨迹分析表明上海市夏季酸性降水不仅与局地污染源有关,还与来自其西南方向的远距离污染物质输入有关.

Geochemical Character of Precipitation in Summer of Shanghai 2008-2009

The chemical compositions of the rainwater collected in Shanghai in Summer of 2008-2009 were investigated. The chemical character and pollutant source of rainwater were evaluated depended on HYSPLIT model, ions tracer techniques, correlation and principal component analysis. The results showed that: (1) the mean pH in rain was 4.72 and 4.68; (2) the frequency of acid rain was 53.30% and 63.30%, respectively, in 2008 and 2009; (3) ionic concentration was SO4(2-) > NH4+ > NO3- > Cl- > Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, in which the secondary components like SO4(2-), NO3- and NH4+ contributed significantly to total ions of rainwater and they accounted for 55.01% and 65.97% of total ions in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which indicate the severe secondary pollution in Shanghai; (4) the ratio of SO4(2-) to NO3- in Summer precipitation in 2008 and 2009 was 3.19 and 2.13, respectively, which implies sulfuric-nitrous mixed type of precipitation; (5) the content of DOC varied from 1.36 mg/L to 10.69 mg/L and average value was 2.44 mg/L in rainwater; (6) SO4(2-) and NO3- were mainly in the form of (NH4) 2SO4 and NH4NO3, which showed the dominant neutralization effect of NH4+ over Ca2+ in Summer. Source identification indicated that SO4(2-), NH4+, NO3-, K+ and most Ca2+ derived from anthropogenic sources, while Mg2+ and Cl- derived from both marine and non-marine but non-marine was over marine. The chemistry of precipitation in Shanghai was impacted by local pollutants and the long-and moderate-range transport by Southwest monsoon according to backward trajectory analysis.