典型城市化区域土壤重金属污染的空间特征与风险评价

随着我国城市化的快速发展,土壤环境面临着较高的生态环境风险.本文以我国南方某典型城市化区域土壤环境作为研究对象,共采集表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品106份,亚表层(20～40 cm) 96份并测定其重金属含量,然后采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害法评价其生态风险程度,最后通过空间插值探讨其生态风险空间分布.结果表明,表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量范围分别为2. 87～84. 64、1. 40～56. 00、2. 75～125. 05、15. 05～201. 39、1. 46～89. 92、0. 001～0. 92、15. 29～160. 07和0. 006～0. 52 mg·kg~(-1);亚表层土壤的含量范围为3. 56～75. 14、1. 65～71. 58、3. 28～290. 04、17. 99～296. 94、3. 07～65. 67、0. 02～1. 00、11. 10～97. 59和0. 01～0. 41 mg·kg~(-1).依据农用地土壤污染风险管控标准,表层土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、As和Zn的超标率分别为71. 70%、40. 57%、4. 72%、3. 77%和0. 94%,亚表层土壤中Cd、Cu、As、Zn、Pb和Ni的超标率分别为72. 92%、39. 58%、6. 25%、3. 13%、3. 13%和1. 04%,可见区域主要重金属污染因子为Cd和Cu,土壤重金属空间分布特征显示超标区域集中在区域北部.基于两种评价结果可以看出,北部地区污染程度和生态风险较高,其中Cd为风险指数偏高的主要驱动因子,风险评价空间分布特征与Cd的含量空间分布特征类似,说明区域土壤Cd污染应该引起重点关注.

Spatial Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Urbanized Area

With the rapid urbanization in China, soil environments are facing high risks. Taking a typical urbanized area as a case study, a total of 106 surface soil samples (0-20 cm) and 96 subsurface soil samples (20-40 cm) were collected to determine the concentrations of heavy metals, and then, the Nemerow index and Hankson index methods were used to evaluate their degrees of ecological risk. The spatial distributions of ecological risks were also explored. Experimental results showed that the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in surface soil samples were 2.87-84.64, 1.40-56.00, 2.75-125.05, 15.05-201.39, 1.46-89.92, 0.001-0.92, 15.29-160.07, and 0.006-0.52 mg·kg^-1, respectively, and those in subsurface soil samples were 3.56-75.14, 1.65-71.58, 3.28-290.04, 17.99-296.94, 3.07-65.67, 0.02-1.00, 11.10-97.59, and 0.01-0.41 mg·kg^-1, respectively. According to the risk control standards for soil contamination of agricultural land, approximately 71.70%, 40.57%, 4.72%, 3.77%, and 0.94% of Cd, Cu, Pb, As, and Zn, respectively, in the surface soil samples exceeded the standards, while 72.92%, 39.58%, 6.25%, 3.13%, 3.13%, and 1.04% of Cd, Cu, As, Zn, Pb, and Ni, respectively, in the subsurface soil samples exceeded the standards. Obviously, the pollution by Cd and Cu was the most severe in the research area, and the main contaminated areas were distributed in the northern part of the land. The soil environmental quality pollution assessment illustrated that high risk areas were distributed in the northern part of the research area too. The risk assessment results indicated that the main pollution factor was Cd, which is accordance with the serious pollution findings for Cd. In response to these results, effective management and remediation methods should be taken to control the soil environment pollution in this typical urbanized area.