双氰胺和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐对蔬菜种植土壤氨氧化细菌和古菌的影响

硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)在抑制农业土壤硝化作用和提高氮肥利用率等方面效果显著,为了探讨它们对蔬菜种植土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和古菌(AOA)的作用机制,选取40 a以上蔬菜种植土壤,在施加尿素(CK)基础上,分别添加DCD和DMPP进行室内培养,系统监测了土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和硝化势的变化,同时运用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序等技术揭示了AOB和AOA种群丰度和多样性的演替规律.结果表明,相比CK处理,DCD处理和DMPP处理的NH_4~+-N含量升高了213%和675%; NO_3~--N含量降低了13. 3%和37. 2%;硝化势降低了20. 4%和82. 4%;同时,AOB丰度降低了51. 2%和56. 5%; AOA丰度降低了6. 0%和27. 0%.不同抑制剂处理间AOB和AOA的α多样性指数没有显著差异; nork-environmental-samples、unclassified-Nitrosomonadaceae、unclassified-Bactertia和Nitrosospira是AOB序列属水平的主要优势类群; norank-Crenarchaeota、norank-enviromental-samples和Nitrososphaera是AOA序列属水平的主要优势类群,施用DCD和DMPP显著改变了AOB和AOA的群落组成.综上所述,尿素与DCD和DMPP配施显著抑制NH_4~+-N的转化,降低AOB和AOA的种群丰度并改变其群落组成.相比DCD,DMPP对硝化作用的抑制和对AOB和AOA群落的影响更强.

Impact of Dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP) on Ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea in a Vegetable Planting Soil

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) showed significant effects in the inhibition of nitrification and the improvement of the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural soils. However, the effects of different NIs on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) is still unclear. To verify the inhibitory effect of DCD and DMPP on AOB and AOA, a pot experiment was performed, including Urea, Urea+DCD, and Urea+DMPP treatments. The dynamics of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N and nitrification potential among different treatments were measured. In addition, real-time PCR and high-throughput sequencing approaches were applied to investigate the changes in the AOB and AOA population abundance and composition. The results revealed that the concentrations of NH₄⁺-N in Urea+DCD and Urea+DMPP treatments were 213% and 675% higher than that in the CK treatment, respectively. However, the concentrations of NO₃^--N and the nitrification potentials were 13.3% and 37.2%, and 20.4% and 82.4% lower than that in CK treatment, respectively; Furthermore, the copy numbers of the bacterial and archaeal amoA gene were 51.2% and 56.5%, and 6.0% and 27.0% lower than that in the CK treatment, respectively. However, the diversity indexes of AOB and AOA communities, including evenness and richness, exhibited no significant differences after addition of DCD and DMPP. The nork-environmental-samples, unclassified-Nitrosomonadaceae, unclassified-Bacteria, and Nitrosospira, were the predominant genera of the AOB community. The no rank-Crenarchaeota, no rank-environmental-samples and Nitrososphaera were the predominant groups in the AOA community. Summarily, application of DCD and DMPP significantly delayed the transformation of NH₄⁺-N, decreased the formation of NO₃^--N, inhibited the abundance and changed the composition of AOB and AOA communities. DMPP had a stronger inhibitory effect on nitrification, and on AOB and AOA than DCD. Therefore, compared with DCD, DMPP had a better application prospect regarding the improvement of the nitrogen utilization efficiency in vegetable soil.