三峡库区典型紫色土小流域径流及氮磷流失特征

为了解三峡库区典型紫色土小流域径流污染特征,对新政小流域典型土地利用类型下降雨-径流时间过程和小流域集水区出口径流中氮磷浓度进行动态监测,监测分析库区小流域氮磷在降雨径流中的流失规律.结果表明,小流域径流氮磷损失量分别为13. 69 kg·(hm~2·a)-1和1. 50 kg·(hm~2·a)-1.农肥所含氮磷及降雨冲刷是小流域径流污染的主要原因.小流域的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均浓度达10. 05 mg·L~(-1)和1. 10 mg·L~(-1),远超过富营养化发生标准,须引起关注.本研究观测的两场降雨中,8月15日降雨中硝态氮(NN)和颗粒态磷(PP)分别为69. 47 kg和6. 83 kg,分别占TN和TP的53. 91%和53. 78%; 8月26日降雨中NN、氨氮(AN)和PP分别为6. 68、5. 61和1. 36 kg,分别占TN和TP的37. 74%、31. 69%和57. 63%,表明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式,而磷素迁移则以颗粒态为主.小流域强降雨对于氮磷流失的影响显著.这与紫色土土层薄、耕作频繁、土壤相对疏松等性质有关.

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses and Runoff in a Typical Purple Soil Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

To understand the runoff pollution characteristics of the typical purple soil small watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the rainfall-runoff duration under typical land use types of the Xinzheng watershed and the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the outlet runoff of each catchment were dynamically monitored, and the loss rule of N and P in the rainfall runoff in the small watershed in the TGR was investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the losses of runoff N and P were 13.69 kg·(hm²·a)^-1 and 1.50 kg·(hm²·a)^-1, respectively. N and P in agricultural fertilizers and rainfall scouring were the main causes of runoff pollution in the Xinzheng watershed. The average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) reached 10.05 mg·L^-1 and 1.10 mg·L^-1, far exceeding the occurrence standard of eutrophication, which should be cause for concern. The nitrate nitrogen (NN) and particulate phosphorus (PP) in the rainfall were 69.47 kg and 6.83 kg on August 15, 2010, accounting for 53.91% and 53.78% of TN and TP, respectively. The NN and AN were 6.68 kg and 5.61 kg, respectively, in the rainfall on August 26, 2010, accounting for 37.74% and 31.69% of TN and PP was 1.36 kg, accounting for 57.63% of TP, indicating that nitrogen loss was mainly through the soluble state, while phosphorus migration was dominated by particulate matter. Heavy rainfall in the Xinzheng watershed had a significant impact on the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. This was related to the properties of purple soil, such as thin soil layer, frequent cultivation and relatively loose soil.