基于ArcSWAT模型的长乐江流域非点源氮素污染源识别和分析

本研究以我国东南沿海地区的典型农业流域——长乐江流域为对象,通过实地调查、数据收集和分析,构建模型所需的各类空间数据库和属性数据库,将流域内各种非点源污染过程的概化设置和相应管理操作与模型进行有效耦合,利用近3年的流域水质监测资料进行模型参数的率定和验证,建立了该流域氮污染过程的ArcSWAT模型,模拟估算了流域不同非点源氮的入河量,并着重分析和识别不同时段土地利用类型的关键性污染源.结果表明,长乐江流域非点源氮素污染的主要来源是氮肥施用、大气沉降和土壤氮库,对河流总氮负荷的贡献率分别为35%、32%和25%.不同时段、不同土地利用类型的关键性污染源具有明显差异.从时间分布来看,土壤氮库和大气沉降所产生的非点源氮素污染的关键时期在雨季,而氮肥污染则主要发生在作物生长季节.从土地利用分布来看,园地和人居地非点源氮素的控制性污染源分别是氮肥施用和生活排污;而水田和旱地的三大污染源(氮肥施用、大气沉降和土壤氮库)入河量相差不大,需要同时控制.因此,治理流域非点源氮素污染问题,应分时、分区、分类制定控制方案.

Nitrogen Non-Point Source Pollution Identification Based on ArcSWAT in Changle River

The ArcSWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was adopted for Non-point source (NPS) nitrogen pollution modeling and nitrogen source apportionment for the Changle River watershed, a typical agricultural watershed in Southeast China. Water quality and hydrological parameters were monitored, and the watershed natural conditions (including soil, climate, land use, etc) and pollution sources information were also investigated and collected for SWAT database. The ArcSWAT model was established in the Changle River after the calibrating and validating procedures of the model parameters. Based on the validated SWAT model, the contributions of different nitrogen sources to river TN loading were quantified, and spatial-temporal distributions of NPS nitrogen export to rivers were addressed. The results showed that in the Changle River watershed, Nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen air deposition and nitrogen soil pool were the prominent pollution sources, which contributed 35%, 32% and 25% to the river TN loading, respectively. There were spatial-temporal variations in the critical sources for NPS TN export to the river. Natural sources, such as soil nitrogen pool and atmospheric nitrogen deposition, should be targeted as the critical sources for river TN pollution during the rainy seasons. Chemical nitrogen fertilizer application should be targeted as the critical sources for river TN pollution during the crop growing season. Chemical nitrogen fertilizer application, soil nitrogen pool and atmospheric nitrogen deposition were the main sources for TN exported from the garden plot, forest and residential land, respectively. However, they were the main sources for TN exported both from the upland and paddy field. These results revealed that NPS pollution controlling rules should focus on the spatio-temporal distribution of NPS pollution sources.