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上海市郊中小河流氮磷污染特征
引用本文:胡雪峰,许世远,陈振楼,高效江,沈铭能,王少平.上海市郊中小河流氮磷污染特征[J].环境科学,2001,22(6):66-71.
作者姓名:胡雪峰  许世远  陈振楼  高效江  沈铭能  王少平
作者单位:1. 华东师范大学地理系,
2. 复旦大学环境科学与工程系,
基金项目:国家自然科学基金重点项目(49831070);上海市教委重点学科基金资助
摘    要::①上海市郊中小河流有很高的氮磷和有机负荷,其表层水凯氏氮、总磷和CODCr指标均数倍于V类水的最大允许值.②由于受纳污染物类型和总量上的差异,中小河流氮磷污染存在明显的空间分异:居民区附近的小河流氨氮和磷的污染很重;主要受农田径流影响的小河流,氨氮和磷的污染较轻,但受硝氮污染的风险加大;养殖场附近的小河流,氨氮和磷有突发性暴增的现象.③中小河流氮磷污染,还受河流季节性生态环境演变的影响.随着气温升高和河流表层生物量的增大,表层水NH4+、NO3-因大量消耗而降低;有机N和颗粒态P含量因生物量的增加而上升;NO2-也会因硝化细菌活动的加剧而增加.水溶态磷和总磷也有随着气温和生物活动的增加而增高的趋势,但还要受到水体pH、DO等条件的影响.④在盛夏高温季节,水流滞缓的小河流表层水和底层水的氮磷指标存在明显分异:底层水NH4+、水溶态磷和总反应态磷含量高于表层水;而表层水NO3-和NO2含量高于底层水.这种富营养化水质分层现象的产生是夏季河流表层生物量暴增和底泥氮磷释放加剧的必然结果.至秋季,随着气温的回落,水质分层现象逐渐减弱.

关 键 词:中小河流  氮磷污染  空间分异  季节性生态环境演变  水质分层
文章编号:0250-3301(2001)06-06-0066
收稿时间:2001/2/27 0:00:00
修稿时间:2001年2月27日

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in the Middle and Small Creeks, Suburban Shanghai
Hu Xuefeng,Xu Shiyuan,Chen Zhenlou,Gao Xiaojiang,Shen Mingneng and Wang Shaoping.Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in the Middle and Small Creeks, Suburban Shanghai[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2001,22(6):66-71.
Authors:Hu Xuefeng  Xu Shiyuan  Chen Zhenlou  Gao Xiaojiang  Shen Mingneng and Wang Shaoping
Institution:Department of Geography, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
Abstract:1. The middle and small creeks in suburban Shanghai were under heavy eutropic condition, with high loadings of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic pollutants. KN, TP and CODCr of the surface water of them were several times greater than the critical values of Types V, the worst level of water. 2. Spatial variations of N and P pollution were observed, as the creeks in different places accepted different types and amounts of pollutants. Affected by domestic sewage, the creeks nearby residential areas were often heavily polluted by NH4+ and P. The creeks in agricultural fields were more easily polluted by NO3- than by NH4+ and phosphorus. The creeks nearby livestock farms often witnessed sudden soaring of NH4+ and P. 3. N and P loadings of the creeks were also affected by the seasonal evolvement of ecological environment. With the increase of temperature and biomass, NH4+ and NO3- in the surface water were largely consumed and decreased as a result; while organic N and particle P increased as the enhancement of suspending biological particles. NO2- in the surface water increased with temperature as nitrifying bacteria became active. Total P and water soluble P also showed the trend of enhancement with the intensification of biological activities, however, they were also controlled by the condition of pH and DO in the water. 4. At the height of the summer, the surface and bottom water of the creeks differed in N and P loadings. NH4+, soluble P and total reactive P in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface; while NO3- and NO2- in the surface were higher than those in the bottom. Such water-quality stratification inevitably resulted from the enhancement of phytoplankton in the surface water and intensified release of NH4+ and P from the sediments. In the autumn, as-the temperature decrease, such phenomenon declined gradually.
Keywords:middle and small creeks  N and P pollution  spatial variation  seasonal evolvement of ecological environment  water quality stratification
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