我国近海有毒微藻及其毒素的分布危害和风险评估

近年我国海域有害赤潮频发，赤潮优势种的变化显著，最近7a记录了51种引发赤潮的优势赤潮生物，其中由有毒微藻引发的赤潮增加。有毒微藻在我国海域广泛分布，至少3个株产麻痹性贝毒的亚历山大藻，5种能产生腹泻性贝毒软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、以及扇贝毒素的鳍藻在我国沿海都有分布；产生虾夷扇贝毒素的三种甲藻在北黄海常年存在。我国多种贝类中已发现麻痹性贝毒、软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、扇贝毒素、虾夷扇贝毒素和环亚胺毒素等多种微藻毒素。本文较系统的归纳综述了我国有害赤潮、优势种的变化趋势和分布特点，产生的藻毒素结构；我国双壳贝类等海洋生物中存在的微藻毒素的种类结构；首次利用风险商值法研究评估了我国贝类的健康风险。结果表明，只有春季来自福建的2个样品具有食用风险；但大连海区的贝类样品、评估值全都接近安全限值，可能表明具有某种区域性风险；在春末夏初，大窑湾的贻贝风险最大，其次是扇贝，牡蛎的风险最小；不同的贝器官，富集藻毒素的能力差别大，消化腺中的藻毒素含量远高于其它器官，不同的食用方式可能会导致不同的中毒风险。总体上，我国沿海常见种双壳贝类的麻痹性贝毒和虾夷扇贝毒素食用风险低。

The distribution,impacts and risks of toxic microalgae and phycotoxins in China

Harmful algae bloom(HAB) is becoming increasingly occurrence in China coast. In comparison, the small shift of frequent coastal area, the change of dominant species is dramatic.Total 51 dominant species caused HAB in China had been recorded from 2008 to 2013.The HAB caused by dinoflagellates and toxic dinoflagellates evidently increased. Toxic microalgae production a variety of algae toxins are widely distributed in the China coast, at least 3 lines of Alexandrium spp. production paralytic shellfish poisoning are existing for many years. There are 5 lines Dinophysis species which can produce okadaic acid toxin and dinophysis toxins of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and pectenotoxin distributed along entire Chinese coast. There are 3 species dinoflagellates production YTX perennial presence in north of Yellow Sea. Paralytic shellfish poisoning, Okadaic acid toxin and Dinophysis toxin, Pectenotoxin, Yessotoxin, gymnodimine have been found in a variety of shellfish in China. This paper reviewed and summarized systematically variation trend and distribution of HAB and dominant species, the types of toxic microalgae and structures of phycotoxins they produce and existing in Chinese bivalves. The health risk for Chinese shellfish was studied and assessed by using a risk quotient method at first. There are only two samples coming from Fujian in spring exceeded the safety evaluation value, with the consumption risk.Those samples coming from a certain place( like Dalian) are all close to the value of safety assessment, may indicate having risk of some regions. The risk of different bivalves became with time and station; in the late spring and early summer, mussels had the biggest risk, and then scallop, oyster with minimum risk in Dayao Bay; the difference of algae toxins was different between different organs of shellfish, the content of YTX in the digestive gland was much higher than in others, therefore, different ways for eating may have different risk. Overall, common species of bivalve in China Coast had the low risk of paralytic shellfish poisoning and Yessotoxin for eaters.