贝克喜盐草的生物学和生态学特征及其保护对策

贝克喜盐草（Halophila beccarii Asch.）是典型的潮间带海草，属于所有海草中最古老的两个世系之一，有"活恐龙"之称。生物学上它具有"年纪老"、形态小、生长快、雌雄同株、雌蕊先熟、遗传多样性低、一年生和多年生生活史并存的特征；生态学上它具有"开拓种"、"先锋种"的特征，被认为"虽微小但强大"，通常能从干扰后快速恢复。由于分布范围有限、种群周转快、形态小而易被沉积物覆盖等原因，贝克喜盐草及其重要性并不被人熟知。潮间带地区高强度的人为活动对贝克喜盐草造成了极大的威胁。全球范围内，贝克喜盐草资源面临持续衰退的趋势，已被国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）列为易危（VU）种，并被认为是10种具有灭绝风险的海草种类之一。基于贝克喜盐草的生物学和生态学特性以及资源现状，建议（1）将贝克喜盐草列入"中国红色物种名录"；（2）采取措施保护其土壤种子库；（3）相关的红树林保护区把贝克喜盐草增列为保护对象；（4）对面临威胁的生境进行迁地保护；（5）加强贝克喜盐草的基础研究，突破解除种子休眠和促进种子萌发的技术瓶颈，完善其室内培育和野外移植的技术体系。

Biological and ecological characteristics of intertidal seagrass Halophila beccarii and its conservation countermeasures

The dubbed "living dinosaur" Halophila beccarii Asch., among one of the oldest lineage of seagrasses, is a typical intertidal seagrass in Indo-Pacific area.It is biologically characterized by being ancient, tiny, fast-growing, monoecious, protogynous, low genetic variation and having both annual and perennial life cycles forms.Ecologically, it is considered as a colonizing or a pioneer seagrass species and a "tiny but mighty" seagrass species, since it may recover quickly from disturbance generally.H.beccarii and its' significance are neglected to a large extent due to its limited distribution, very tiny plant size, fast turn over, easily buried-shoot by sediment in the field.The intensive human disturbances in the intertidal zones pose profound threats to this species.The global population trends indicate the species is declining and it was listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) under criterion B2 and among one of the ten seagrass species which are at elevated risk of extinction in the world.Based on the biological and ecological features and the threatened situation of H.beccarii, we propose that:(1)include it into "China red data book of endangered species"; (2)take measures to conserve the soil seed bank; (3)the seagrass plants should be appended to the key protection objects list of the associated mangrove reserves; (4)ex-situ conservations may be carried out when facing inevitable loss of seagrass habitats; (5)some studies, such as releasing of seed dormancy, promoting of seed germination, cultivating in the laboratory and transplanting in the field, are encouraged to enhance.