Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,
and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis
organ morphogenesis |
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Authors: | Jenny R Lenkowski Gabriela Sanchez-Bravo and Kelly A McLaughlin |
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Institution: | Department of Biology,Tufts University,163 Packard Ave.,Medford,MA 02155,USA |
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Abstract: | Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to
amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms,
we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides (atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),
triadimefon, and glyphosate) in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it
is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked.We found similar levels of intestine
malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The e ects of 2,4-D
were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations
tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures a ect non-target organisms, our results
suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of
individual pesticide exposure. |
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Keywords: | amphibian pesticide organ morphogenesis teratogenesis toxicology Xenopus laevis |
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