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Seasonal exports of phosphorus from intensively fertilised nested grassland catchments
作者姓名:Ciaran Lewis  Rashad Rafique  Nelius Foley  Paul Leahy  Gerard Morgan  John Albertson  Sandeep Kumar  Gerard Kiely
作者单位:Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork;Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma;Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork;Aquatic Services Unit, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork;Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University;Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University
基金项目:part of the Environmental Research Technological Development which is managed by the Environmental Protection Agency and financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006 (No. 2000-LS-2.1.1A-M1)
摘    要:We carried out a one year (2002) study of phosphorus (P) loss from soil to water in three nested grassland catchments with known P input in chemical fertilizer and animal liquid slurry applications. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the grasslands between March and September and animal slurry was applied over the twelve months. The annual chemical P fertilizer applications for the 17 and 211 ha catchments were 16.4 and 23.7 kg P/ha respectively and the annual slurry applications were 10.7 and 14.0 kg P/ha, respectively. The annual total phosphorus (TP) export in stream-flow was 2.61, 2.48 and 1.61 kg P/ha for the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchments, respectively, compared with a maximum permissible (by regulation) annual export of ca. 0.35 kg P/ha. The export rate (ratio of P export to P in land applications) was 9.6% and 6.6% from the 17 and 211 ha catchments, respectively. On average, 70% of stream flow and 85% of the P export occurred during the five wet months (October to February) indicating that when precipitation is much greater than evaporation, the hydrological conditions are most favourable for P export. However the soil quality and land use history may vary the results. Particulate P made up 22%, 43% and 37% of the TP export at the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchment areas, respectively. As the chemical fertilizer was spread during the grass growth months (March to September), it has less immediate impact on stream water quality than the slurry applications. We also show that as the catchment scale increases, the P concentrations and P export decrease, confirming dilution due to increasing rural catchment size. In the longer term, the excess P from fertilizer maintains high soil P levels, an antecedent condition favourable to P loss from soil to water. This study confirms the significant negative water quality impact of excess P applications, particularly liquid animal slurry applications in wet winter months. The findings suggest that restricted P application in wet months can largely reduce the P losses from soil to water.

关 键 词:phosphorus  fertilizer  slurry  exports  grassland  land  management  water  quality  eutrophication
收稿时间:4 December 2012
修稿时间:18 February 2013

Seasonal exports of phosphorus from intensively fertilised nested grassland catchments
Ciaran Lewis,Rashad Rafique,Nelius Foley,Paul Leahy,Gerard Morgan,John Albertson,Sandeep Kumar,Gerard Kiely.Seasonal exports of phosphorus from intensively fertilised nested grassland catchments[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(9):1847-1857.
Authors:Ciaran Lewis  Rashad Rafique  Nelius Foley  Paul Leahy  Gerard Morgan  John Albertson  Sandeep Kumar and Gerard Kiely
Institution:[1]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Ireland [2]Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, 73019, USA [3]Aquatic Services Unit, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland [4]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA [5]Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA [6]Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
Abstract:We carried out a one year (2002) study of phosphorus (P) loss from soil to water in three nested grassland catchments with known P input in chemical fertilizer and animal liquid slurry applications. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the grasslands between March and September and animal slurry was applied over the twelve months. The annual chemical P fertilizer applications for the 17 and 211 ha catchments were 16.4 and 23.7 kg P/ha respectively and the annual slurry applications were 10.7 and 14.0 kg P/ha, respectively. The annual total phosphorus (TP) export in stream-flow was 2.61, 2.48 and 1.61 kg P/ha for the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchments, respectively, compared with a maximum permissible (by regulation) annual export of ca. 0.35 kg P/ha. The export rate (ratio of P export to P in land applications) was 9.6% and 6.6% from the 17 and 211 ha catchments, respectively. On average, 70% of stream flow and 85% of the P export occurred during the five wet months (October to February) indicating that when precipitation is much greater than evaporation, the hydrological conditions are most favourable for P export. However the soil quality and land use history may vary the results. Particulate P made up 22%, 43% and 37% of the TP export at the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchment areas, respectively. As the chemical fertilizer was spread during the grass growth months (March to September), it has less immediate impact on stream water quality than the slurry applications. We also show that as the catchment scale increases, the P concentrations and P export decrease, confirming dilution due to increasing rural catchment size. In the longer term, the excess P from fertilizer maintains high soil P levels, an antecedent condition favourable to P loss from soil to water. This study confirms the significant negative water quality impact of excess P applications, particularly liquid animal slurry applications in wet winter months. The findings suggest that restricted P application in wet months can largely reduce the P losses from soil to water.
Keywords:phosphorus  fertilizer  slurry  exports  grassland  land management  water quality  eutrophication
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