Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles – Critical issues |
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| Authors: | Mats Zackrisson Lars Avellán Jessica Orlenius |
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| Institution: | 1. Swerea IVF AB, Brinellvägen 68, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;2. Swerea IVF AB, Argongatan 30, SE-431 53 Mölndal, Sweden;1. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Land Resources Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy;2. Politecnico di Torino, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24–10129 Torino, Italy;3. Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Energia, Ingegneria dell''Informazione e Modelli Matematici (DEIM), viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;4. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Energy Storage Unit, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands;1. Chemical Engineering Department, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK;2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;3. University College London, Institute for Sustainable Resources, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK;1. Institute of Systems and Robotics, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal;2. ADAI–LAETA, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | The main aim of the study was to explore how LCA can be used to optimize the design of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Two lithium-ion batteries, both based on lithium iron phosphate, but using different solvents during cell manufacturing, were studied by means of life cycle assessment, LCA. The general conclusions are limited to results showing robustness against variation in critical data. The study showed that it is environmentally preferable to use water as a solvent instead of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP, in the slurry for casting the cathode and anode of lithium-ion batteries. Recent years’ improvements in battery technology, especially related to cycle life, have decreased production phase environmental impacts almost to the level of use phase impacts. In the use phase, environmental impacts related to internal battery efficiency are two to six times larger than the impact from losses due to battery weight in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, assuming 90% internal battery efficiency. Thus, internal battery efficiency is a very important parameter; at least as important as battery weight. Areas, in which data is missing or inadequate and the environmental impact is or may be significant, include: production of binders, production of lithium salts, cell manufacturing and assembly, the relationship between weight of vehicle and vehicle energy consumption, information about internal battery efficiency and recycling of lithium-ion batteries based on lithium iron phosphate. |
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