Life cycle assessment of offset printed matter with EDIP97: how important are emissions of chemicals? |
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| Authors: | Henrik Fred Larsen Morten Søes Hansen Michael Hauschild |
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| Institution: | 1. William H. Hart Professor, Center for Infrastructure, Transportation, and the Environment, USA;2. VREF Center of Excellence for Sustainable Urban Freight Systems, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, JEC 4030, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA;3. KLD Associates, Inc., 43 Corporate Drive, Hauppauge, NY 11788, USA;1. Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL;2. Rocky Mountain Heart and Lung Center, Kalispell, Montana;1. Energy Planning Program, Graduate School of Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco C, Sala 211, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil;2. Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo (CICERO), PB 1129 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Logistics Management, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, No. 2, Jhuoyue Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan;2. Department of Transportation and Communication Management Science, Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan;1. College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China;2. National Engineering Research Center for Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China;3. National Cashmere Products Engineering & Technical Research Center, Erdos Cashmere Group, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017000, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Existing product life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on offset printed matter all point at paper as the overall dominating cause of environmental impacts. All studies focus on energy consumption and the dominating role of paper is primarily based on the energy-related impact categories: global warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment. Ecotoxicity and human toxicity, which are related to emissions of chemicals, etc., are only included to a limited degree or not at all. In this paper we include the impacts from chemicals emitted during the life cycle of sheet fed offset printed matter. This is done by making use of some of the newest knowledge about emissions from the production at the printing industry combined with knowledge about the composition of the printing materials used. In cases with available data also upstream emissions from the production of printing materials are included. The results show that inclusion of the chemical emission-related impacts makes the EDIP97 impact profile of sheet fed offset products much more varied, as well for the normalised profiles as for the profiles weighted by distance to political environmental targets. Especially the ecotoxicity impact potential related to the production stage may contribute significantly, and the use of paper no longer becomes the overall dominating factor driving the environmental impacts. |
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