生命周期评价在环境管理中应用的局限性及其技术进展研究

生命周期评价法(Life Cycle Assessment)在国际上广泛应用于工业企业部门、政府管理部门和服务行业,但最突出的贡献是在环境管理方面的应用.LCA的技术框架分为确定目的与范围、生命周期清单分析、生命周期影响评价(LCIA)和结果解释4个部分.LCIA的方法可归纳为中点法和终点法.LCA存在数据获取、清单分配、边界选择、评价模型、时空限制,以及结果不确定性等方面的局限性.为适应环境管理和评价技术本身的要求,LCA评价技术朝系统化方向发展,目前主要有IO-LCA、ALCA、CLCA、LCC、S-LCA和LCSA等评价技术.不同的评价技术从不同侧面拓展了LCA的应用领域和回避LCA评价的局限性,使得LCA越来越成为环境管理不可或缺的工具.

Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Management: Methodology,Limitations, and Technical Progress

Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA) method has been widely used in many aspects since its birth, but the most promi-nent contribution is the application of environmental management. The technical framework of LCA is divided into 4 parts:target and scope, list analysis, impact assessment( LCIA) and result interpretation. The methods of LCIA can be summed up as mid-point method and end point method. LCA has limitations in data acquisition, inventory allocation, boundary selection, evaluation models, temporal and spatial constraints, and uncertainty of results. In order to adapt to the requirements of environmental man-agement and evaluation technology, LCA evaluation technology is developing in a systematic direction. At present, there are eval-uation techniques such as IO-LCA, ALCA, CLCA, LCC, S-LCA and LCSA. LCA has expanded the application field of LCA and avoided the limitation of LCA evaluation, which makes it become an indispensable tool for environmental management.