生态损害补偿与赔偿的科学及法律基础探析

生态补偿是协调经济发展与环境保护的有效经济手段,在中国得到了广泛重视.由于受到学科范畴的限制,学术界和管理界对生态补偿的内涵、经济性质和法律性质还存在许多争论,关于生态损害的科学含义及与之对应的补偿与赔偿的法理基础尚有待完善.本文旨在梳理生态补偿的相关术语,探讨生态损害及损害补偿与赔偿的科学含义、法理差异及法律制度,从而为我国进一步开展生态补偿的理论研究和实践提供参考.论文首先从环境管理、环境经济学以及法学三层面对生态补偿的内涵进行分析,并在探究生态补偿实践的演变历程的基础上,提出生态补偿至少包含生态保护补偿、生态损害补偿与生态损害赔偿三个方面的内容;其次,文章对生态损害的科学和法律含义进行了辨析,提出：1）生态损害补偿中的生态损害是指人类活动对自由的自然资源的损害,即初级生态损害;2）从法学角度来看,生态损害可分为过错行为导致的生态损害、非过错行为导致的生态损害以及历史累积污染导致的生态损害;3）补偿与赔偿在法理上存在发生的基础、性质、承担责任的时间、承担责任的方式以及程序等方面的差别;4）在以上基础上,论文探讨不同行为造成的生态损害的责任方应当承担补偿/赔偿责任.第三,论文从归责原则、责任主体、补偿/赔偿范围、方式以及补偿/赔偿金额的计算等方面对建立和实施生态损害补偿与赔偿的法律基础和制度进行了论述与分析.最后,论文提出了完善生态损害补偿/赔偿制度的政策建议.

Study on the Scientific and Legal Basis of Ecological Damage Compensation

As an effective and efficient economic instrument to balance the economic development and environmental protection,the ecological compensation has attracted broad attention and application in China. Nevertheless, there exist many arguments inacademic and management communities about the connotation and economic and legal character of ecological compensation dueto the different context in different disciplines. There is an urgent need to clarify the scientific implication of ecological damageand the associated jurisprudential distinctions between remediation （Buchang） and compensation （Peichang） to promote theimplementation of ecological compensation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the scientific implication,jurisprudential differences and legal regime of ecological damage and compensation based on the review of relative terms ofecological compensation, which then to provide references for further theoretical study and practice of ecological compensation inChina.Firstly, the paper analyzed the connotation of ecological compensation from perspectives of environmental management,environmental economics and law, reviewed the evolution of ecological compensation practices in China, the paper and concludedthat the ecological compensation should at least includes payments for ecosystem services （PES）, ecological damage compensationand ecological damage claim. Secondly, this paper analyzed the scientific and legal connotation of ecological damage： （1） theecological damage is the harmful effect to a free natural resource resulted from human activities, namely primary ecologicaldamage; （2） the ecological damage can be categorized three groups, damage resulted from wrongful acts, non-wrongful acts andaccumulative pollution from the perspective of legal theory; （3） the occurrence basis, legal nature, time and pattern of undertakingresponsibility and the applicable law are different between the remediation and compensation; 4） the responsible parties shouldtake the different lia