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北京地区灰霾污染特征
引用本文:张歌,;陈义珍,;刘厚凤,;杨欣,;赵妤希.北京地区灰霾污染特征[J].生态环境,2014(12):1946-1952.
作者姓名:张歌  ;陈义珍  ;刘厚凤  ;杨欣  ;赵妤希
作者单位:[1]山东师范大学人口资源与环境学院,山东济南250014; [2]大气环境与装备技术协同创新中心,江苏南京210044; [3]中国环境科学研究院,北京100012
基金项目:国家环境保护公益科研专项(201309062);国家环境保护公益科研专项
摘    要:灰霾天气能见度较低,除影响人们日常生产活动和交通运输外,空气中携带的有毒有害细粒子严重危害人们的生命健康。近几年,北京市加大治霾力度,虽取得一定成绩,但灰霾天气仍然频发。为进一步更好地治理北京灰霾,为制定政策提供依据,须了解北京地区灰霾污染特征,因此,对北京市2013年6月到2014年5月的气象观测数据和PM2.5质量浓度进行了统计分析。文章统计了不同强度灰霾的分布,分析了PM2.5质量浓度与能见度的相关关系,在此基础上,研究了PM2.5质量浓度影响能见度变化程度的分界点。研究结果表明:研究期间,北京地区出现灰霾时总计4572 h,发生频率为56.2%,灰霾日总计233 d,频率为64.4%,呈冬季〉春季〉夏季〉秋季;湿霾最易发生在夏季,干霾最易发生在冬季,分别占当季灰霾时的17.6%和59.0%;全年不同强度霾发生小时数呈现轻微霾〉重度霾〉轻度霾〉中度霾,其中,轻微霾时数1625 h,重度霾1163 h,轻度霾1101 h,中度霾683 h;研究期间PM2.5质量浓度呈夏季低冬季高的显著变化趋势,PM2.5日均质量浓度达一级空气质量标准59 d,达二级标准159 d,达标率分别为17.7%和47.74%;PM2.5小时质量浓度与能见度呈负相关性较高的幂函数关系(置信度取99%,P〈0.01),无高湿条件影响下,空气中细颗粒物对能见度的影响更为直接;北京地区在改善能见度的过程中,通过降低1μg·m-3的PM2.5,使能见度改善大于或远大于1 km的概率仅为18.9%,而在50.4%的时段内仅能使能见度的改善小于或远小于0.1 km。

关 键 词:北京市  灰霾  能见度  PM2.5

Characterization of the PM2.5 Pollution in Beijing
Institution:ZHANG Ge,CHEN Yizhen,LIU Houfeng,YANG Xin,ZHAO Yuxi(1. College of Population Research and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; 3. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China)
Abstract:Airborne particles can cause damage to human health and reduce visibility, leading to regional haze pollution and thus affecting our daily life and transportation activities. In recent years, Beijing municipal government has strengthened the control policy to reduce Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations. Although the PM2.5 level decreases, the regional haze pollution still occurs frequently. To further and better understand the characteristics of the PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and provide control strategies to the government for policy making, an extensive analysis of the observed meteorological and PM2.5data is essential. In this study, observations of the meteorological parameters and PM2.5concentrations from June 2013 to May 2014 were statistically analyzed. The distribution of regional haze at different strength level, and the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and visibility were studied. Based on that, the various cut-off points of low visibility related to the PM2.5 level were found. The results indicated that the regional haze occurred totally up to 4572 hours and 233 days, which are approximately 56.2% of the studied hours and 64.4% of the studied days, respectively. The sequence of the occurrence of haze days in different seasons was: winter 〉 spring 〉 summer 〉 autumn. The damp haze happened mostly in summer, while the dry haze happened mostly in winter, accounting for 17.6% and 59.0% of the haze days in that season, respectively. The trend of haze with different intensity was: light haze 〉 heavy haze 〉 slight haze 〉 moderate haze, occurring 1625 h, 1163 h, 1101 h, and 683 h during the study period. The PM2.5 concentration had a high negative correlation with the visibility in the power function (confidence level at 99%,P 〈 0.01) and showed a more direct effect on the visibility without the influence of high moisture. By decreasing the PM2.5 concentration of 1μg/m3, the probability of improving the visibility greater or far greater than 1 km was only 18.9%, while 50.4%
Keywords:Beijing  regional haze  visibility  PM2  5
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