Toxicity assays of ladybirds using natural predators |
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Authors: | Nicola M Marples |
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Institution: | (1) Section of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, University of Leiden, Schelpenkade 14a, NL-2313 Leiden, ZT, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | Nestling blue titsParus caeruleus L. were given diets containing homogenized ladybirds, to assess the effects of their chemical defences. The 2spot, 10spot and water ladybirds produced no apparent toxic effects when small numbers were given at regular intervals.The pine and kidney-spot ladybirds slightly inhibit growth and may be toxic to very young nestlings. The Water ladybird is extremely distasteful to this predator, despite its lack of toxicity. The results are discussed with reference to the proposed Müllerian and Batesian mimetic relationships between the ladybird species. |
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Keywords: | chemical defence toxicity mimicry Coccinellidae Adalia bipunctata Adalia decempunctata Exochomus quadripustulatus Chilocorus renipustulatus Anisosticta 19-punctata Parus caeruleus |
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