Mating behavior of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abdopus aculeatus</Emphasis> (d’Orbigny 1834) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the wild |
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Authors: | Christine L Huffard Roy L Caldwell Farnis Boneka |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA;(2) Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9644, USA;(3) Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia |
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Abstract: | The mating system of Abdopus aculeatus incorporates sneaker matings, mate guarding, sex-specific body patterns, frequent copulations, and male–male competition
for mates, making it more similar to that of aggregating decapod cephalopods than any previously known octopus social system.
Large male–female A. aculeatus occupy ‘Adjacent’ (GA) dens and copulate frequently in mate-guarding situations over successive days. Nearby individuals copulate in ‘Temporary
guarding’ (GT) and ‘Transient’ (T; non-guarding) situations, the latter of which can involve ‘Sneaker’ (S) mating. In a focal animal study
of these octopuses in the wild (Sulawesi, Indonesia) we addressed the hypotheses that they demonstrate: (1) precopulatory
mate choice, (2) differential copulation rates by individuals employing different mating tactics, and (3) distant sex identification.
We quantified daily copulation rates of A. aculeatus of reproductive size as well as aspects of copulation duration, display, mate-competition, and mate rejection. Mating tactic
correlated with daily copulation rates. ♂GA spent significantly more time copulating than did ♂T, while ♀GA spent more than twice as much time per day in copula than did other females. Sneaker copulations lasted longer than those by males adopting other tactics. Mate-guarding was an
effective and important tactic used by males to temporarily monopolize mating with apparently non-selective females. Males
demonstrated clear pre-copulatory mate choice by guarding and mating repeatedly with large females (typically ♀GA). While foraging alone away from the den, ♂G procured ‘Transient’ copulations with unguarded females. However, mate-guarding
reduced the amount of time ♂G were alone and may impede their ability to seek out new mates. Low-copulation rates by ♀T, the
smallest female tactic on average, may reflect this trade-off between mate preference and mate-searching by males, or non-receptivity
of some females. A male-typical body pattern (black and white stripes) appeared to facilitate distant sex identification.
Although mating and aggression were often initiated before contact between individuals, same-sex copulations and intense male–female
aggression were rare. By contrast frequent male–female copulations and intense male–male aggression were consistent behavioral
components of mating in A. aculeatus at these sites. Because the behavioral and ecological characters conducive to this complex system are not exclusive to A. aculeatus, it is possible that other octopuses exhibit some or all of these behaviors.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
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