Non-consumptive effects of predator presence on copepod reproduction: insights from a mesocosm experiment |
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Authors: | Jan Heuschele Sara Ceballos Christian Marc Andersen Borg Oda Bjærke Stamatina Isari Rachel Lasley-Rasher Elin Lindehoff Anissa Souissi Sami Souissi Josefin Titelman |
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Institution: | 1. Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalerg?rden 6, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark 2. Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Gijón, Avd. Príncipe de Asturias, 70bis, 33212, Gijón, Spain 3. Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway 4. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar—CSIC, Ps. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain 5. Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 712, 19013, Anavyssos, Athens, Greece 6. Department of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA 7. Darling Marine Center, University of Maine, 193 Clarks Cove Road, Walpole, ME, 04573, USA 8. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden 9. Ume? Marine Sciences Centre, Norrbyn, 91020, H?rnefors, Sweden 10. Université Lille Nord de France, 59000, Lille, France 11. USTL, LOG, Station Marine de Wimereux, 62930, Wimereux, France 12. CNRS, UMR 8187, 62930, Wimereux, France
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Abstract: | Reproduction in planktonic animals depends on numerous biotic and abiotic factors. One of them is predation pressure, which can have both direct consumptive effects on population density and sex ratio, and non-consumptive effects, for example on mating and migration behaviour. In copepods, predator vulnerability depends on their sex, motility pattern and mating behaviour. Therefore, copepods can be affected at multiple stages during the mating process. We investigated the reproductive dynamics of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis in the presence and absence of its predator the mysid Neomysis integer in a mesocosm experiment. We found that the proportion of ovigerous females decreased in the presence of predators. This shift was not caused by differential predation as the absolute number of females was unaffected by mysid presence. Presence of predators reduced the ratio of males to non-ovigerous females, but not by predation of males. Our combined results suggest that the shift from ovigerous to non-ovigerous females under the presence of predators was caused by either actively delayed egg production or by shedding of egg sacs. Nauplii production was initially suppressed in the predation treatment, but increased towards the end of the experiment. The proportion of fertilized females was similar in both treatments, but constantly fell behind model predictions using a random mating model. Our results highlight the importance of non-consumptive effects of predators on copepod reproduction and hence on population dynamics. |
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