石墨烯纳米材料对哺乳动物的毒性及其作用机制

石墨烯是一种应用广泛的新兴非金属纳米材料，具有独特的电学机械性能、超大的比表面积以及潜在的生物相容性，在材料、电子、能源、光学以及生物医学等领域得到广泛应用。与此同时，石墨烯的环境行为和生物毒性也随之引起日益广泛的关注。本文通过对石墨烯纳米材料的动物毒性、细胞毒性、毒性影响因素和毒性机制等相关研究进展进行总结。石墨烯纳米材料可通过气管滴注、吸入、静脉注射、腹腔注射以及口服等方式进入体内，通过机械屏障、血脑屏障和血液胎盘屏障等积累在肺、肝、脾等部位引起急性或者慢性损伤；目前有关石墨烯毒性机制的研究主要集中于线粒体损伤、DNA损伤、炎性反应、凋亡等终点及氧化应激参与的复杂信号通路，不同石墨烯纳米材料的浓度、尺寸、表面结构和官能团等对石墨烯的生物毒性影响不同。鉴于当前该领域研究的局限性，对石墨烯纳米材料生物毒性研究的发展方向进行了展望，进而为石墨烯材料的安全应用提供理论借鉴和实践参考。

Toxicity Mechanism of Graphene Nanomaterials to Mammals

Graphene, a kind of widely used emerging non-metallic nanomaterials, has unique electrical and mechanical properties, large specific surface area and the potential biological compatibility, and has been widely applied in materials, electronics, energy, optical and biomedical and other fields. Meanwhile the environmental behavior and biological toxicity of grapheme have gradually aroused the attention. This article summarized the related research about animal toxicity, cytotoxicity, toxicity influence factors and the toxicity mechanisms of graphene nanomaterials. From the review, we can draw the following conclusions: graphene nano materials can enter into the body through intratracheal instillation, inhalation, intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection and oral administration, then reach the lung, liver, spleen, and other locations through mechanical barrier, blood-brain barrier and blood-placental barrier, and ultimately cause acute or chronic injury. The possible toxicity mechanisms of graphene mainly focused on oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage, inflammatory and apoptosis. The different physicochemical characteristics of graphene, including its concentration, size, surface structure and functional groups strongly influence its toxicity in biological systems. Finally, we point out the limitation of this article and propose the prospected development direction of biological toxicity research on graphene nanomaterials. This review provides theoretical guidance for the safe application of graphene materials.