防污漆中活性物质海洋环境风险评估关键技术探讨

防污漆中的活性物质对海洋生态环境和人类健康造成的潜在风险受到日益广泛的关注,一些发达国家已建立了针对活性物质海洋环境风险评估的技术体系,但我国相关研究目前尚属空白。综述了防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估的研究背景、相关法规、技术标准和发展现状,针对环境风险评估的2个重要组成部分(危害性评估和暴露评估)中的关键技术进行了探讨。在危害性评估中,重点分析和比较了受试生物物种的选择原则、生态毒理数据的要求以及预测无效应浓度的推导方法和应用范围;在暴露评估中,系统阐述了活性物质在水环境中释放速率的计算及修正方法、环境浓度的预测模型、现有的暴露场景及其局限性等。本文以期为我国开展防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估提供研究基础和科学依据,并提出了今后的研究重点和方向。

Review on Recent Approaches for Marine Environmental Risk Assessment of Active Substances in Antifouling Paints

Potential ecological risk for marine environment and human health posed by active substances in antifouling paints has been a global concern. Some developed countries have established the techniques on marine environmental risk assessment of these active substances, while in China the relevant researches are still blank. The given article is inclined to make a research review over the background, laws and regulations, technical standards and the advances of the assessment of marine environment risk brought about by the active substance in antifouling paints. The key technologies and methodologies around the issues of hazard and exposure assessment were explored. In hazard assessment, species selection principles, toxicity data quality requirements, methods of deriving the predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and their application ranges were compared and evaluated. In exposure assessment, estimation and correction methods of release rates of active substances, models for calculating the predicted environmental concentrations (PEC), the exposure scenarios and their limitations were discussed in detail. This may afford reference and scientific basis for the study on marine environment risk assessment of these kinds of active substance in our country and provide some information on the emphasis and direction of future research.