种群水平生态风险评价方法概述及其在环境管理中的应用

生态风险评价的目的是保护生态系统功能的完整性、稳定性和持久性,为环境风险管理提供理论依据。然而,目前常见的用于保护生物的化学污染物浓度阈值大多是以个体水平的毒性试验结果为基础,忽略了物种在时间和空间相互作用等因素,不能够完全保护生态环境安全和生态系统功能的延续性。本文从生态风险评价的概念、目的和意义引出种群水平生态风险评价在环境管理应用的重要性,综述了种群水平生态风险评价的科学问题(如密度依赖、遗传变异和空间结构等),归纳了种群水平风险评价主要模型方法及其应用(如Euler-Lotka方程、预测矩阵、个体模型、空间模型和动态能量预算模型等),列举了各国现有法律法规中关于种群水平生态风险评价的规定,以期为种群水平生态风险评价方法研究及在环境管理中的应用提供有益借鉴。

Overview of Population-Level Ecological Risk Assessment and Its Application in Environmental Management

The purpose of ecological risk assessment is to protect an integrated, stable and sustainable ecosystem and provide a theoretical basis for environmental risk management. However, in the commonly used approach for the protection of organisms, the so-called toxicity threshold of chemical substance is mainly based on individual-level toxicity test data, which ignores the interaction of species in time and space, and fails to fully protect ecological environment safety and ecosystem functions continuity. This paper mainly summarizes the importance of population-level ecological risk assessment in environmental management application from the concept, purpose and significance of ecological risk assessment. Several key scientific issues of population-level ecological risk assessment (such as density dependence, genetic variation and spatial structure) were reviewed, and the main model methods of population-level ecological risk assessment and their applications (e.g. Euler-Lotka equation, matrix models, individual-based models, spatial models, and dynamic energy budget models, etc.) were summarized in this paper. We list some laws and regulations of different countries on the ecological risk assessment at population levels, in order to provide a basis for the study of population-level ecological risk assessment methods and applications in the environmental management.