Bisphenol A and metabolites released by biodegradation of polycarbonate in seawater |
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Authors: | Trishul Artham Mukesh Doble |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India; |
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Abstract: | This is the first report of bisphenol A release from polycarbonate during biodegradation by marine microorganisms. Bisphenol
A is a monomer in polycarbonate and an endocrine disruptor toxic for marine organisms. Biodegradation of polycarbonate is
poorly documented. Here, we have tested the possible release of bisphenol A and metabolites during biodegradation of polycarbonate
by marine microorganisms. Polycarbonate degradation was carried out in vitro using a mixed marine microbial consortium isolated
from the Bay of Bengal, India, 1 year under controlled laboratory conditions. The degradation was monitored by elemental analysis
(EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and gas chromatography—mass
spectrometry (GC–MS). The organic soluble metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found
that bisphenol A was released. The amount of bisphenol A released during 1 year is higher than the half-maximal effective
concentration (EC50) values reported for marine organisms. We also identified the following bisphenol A metabolites: 4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Polycarbonate biodegradation was evidenced by gravimetric weight loss and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy. The reduction of methyl and carbonyl indices suggests oxidation and hydrolysis of the polymer, respectively.
2D NMR showed an aromatic C–C cleavage. |
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