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Materials,fuels, upgrading,economy, and life cycle assessment of the pyrolysis of algal and lignocellulosic biomass: a review |
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| Authors: | Osman Ahmed I Farghali Mohamed Ihara Ikko Elgarahy Ahmed M Ayyad Amir Mehta Neha Ng Kim Hoong Abd El-Monaem Eman M Eltaweil Abdelazeem S Hosny Mohamed Hamed Seham M Fawzy Samer Yap Pow-Seng Rooney David W |
| Institution: | 1.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK ;2.Department of Agricultural Engineering and Socio-Economics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan ;3.Department of Animal and Poultry Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt ;4.Egyptian Propylene and Polypropylene Company (EPPC), Port Said, Egypt ;5.Environmental Chemistry Division, Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt ;6.Egyptian Methanex Methanol Company (EMethanex), Damietta, Egypt ;7.Energy Systems and Policy Analysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2 TT, UK ;8.Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, ROC ;9.Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt ;10.Green Technology Group, Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt ;11.Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P. O. Box: 90950, 11623, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ;12.Soil Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, P.O. 175, Giza, El‒Orman, Egypt ;13.Department of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China ; |
| Abstract: | Climate change issues are calling for advanced methods to produce materials and fuels in a carbon–neutral and circular way. For instance, biomass pyrolysis has been intensely investigated during the last years. Here we review the pyrolysis of algal and lignocellulosic biomass with focus on pyrolysis products and mechanisms, oil upgrading, combining pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion, economy, and life cycle assessment. Products include oil, gas, and biochar. Upgrading techniques comprise hot vapor filtration, solvent addition, emulsification, esterification and transesterification, hydrotreatment, steam reforming, and the use of supercritical fluids. We examined the economic viability in terms of profitability, internal rate of return, return on investment, carbon removal service, product pricing, and net present value. We also reviewed 20 recent studies of life cycle assessment. We found that the pyrolysis method highly influenced product yield, ranging from 9.07 to 40.59% for oil, from 10.1 to 41.25% for biochar, and from 11.93 to 28.16% for syngas. Feedstock type, pyrolytic temperature, heating rate, and reaction retention time were the main factors controlling the distribution of pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis mechanisms include bond breaking, cracking, polymerization and re-polymerization, and fragmentation. Biochar from residual forestry could sequester 2.74 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per ton biochar when applied to the soil and has thus the potential to remove 0.2–2.75 gigatons of atmospheric carbon dioxide annually. The generation of biochar and bio-oil from the pyrolysis process is estimated to be economically feasible. |
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