Phosphorus resources,their depletion and conservation,a review |
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| Institution: | 1. Fraunhofer Institute for Interface Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany;2. University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Zurich, Switzerland;3. Department for Knowledge and Communication Management, Danube University Krems, Austria;4. Formerly Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover, Germany;1. Danube-University Krems, Department of Knowledge and Communication Management, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria;2. CRU International, Chancery House, 53-64 Chancery Lane, London WC2A 1QS, United Kingdom;3. University of Waterloo, Faculty of Environment, School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, Canada;4. Harvard University, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs (WCFIA), 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;1. INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France;2. Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33170 Gradignan, France;3. Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 33581, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;4. Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1221 LISAH, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France;5. McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Yearly, about 22 × 1012 g phosphorus (P) from mined fossil phosphate resources are added to the world economy. The size of remaining fossil phosphate resources is uncertain but practically finite. Thus, fossil P resources may become depleted by ongoing mining. Despite calls for resource conservation, fossil P resources have been depleted at an increasing rate. Geographically, fossil P supply and demand are distributed in an increasingly uneven way, which has geopolitical consequences and may well affect security of supply. Current use of P gives rise to negative environmental impacts due to P losses from the economy and contaminants derived from fossil P resources. There may also be negative impacts on human health. Reducing the demand for fossil phosphorus may reduce environmental burdens and may improve the future security of supply. Technically speaking, there is much scope for the reduction of current demand for fossil P resources. Limiting consumption of P to essential uses, increased efficiency of agricultural use and increased recycling of P may substantially contribute to the reduction of demand for fossil P resources. Recycling of P has to face concerns regarding the efficiency of P recovery, pathogenic organisms and contaminating substances. Much work remains to be done to effectively address those concerns. |
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| Keywords: | Phosphorus Geopolitics Resources Efficiency Recycling Source separation |
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