Substance flow analysis of cadmium in Korea |
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| Institution: | 1. Planning & Research Department, SMaRT Eco Corporation, Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Materials Chemistry & Engineering, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;4. National PV Environmental Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA;1. Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China;2. Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;4. Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China;1. Fraunhofer-Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Breslauer Str. 48, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany;2. Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstr. 16, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany;3. WZL – Chair of Manufacturing Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Steinbachstr. 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany;1. Sino-Canada Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China;2. Center for Energy, Environment and Ecology Research, UR-BNU, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;3. Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada;1. Carnegie Mellon University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 119 Porter Hall, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, United States;2. Department Head, Carnegie Mellon University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 119 Porter Hall, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, United States |
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| Abstract: | Substance flow analysis (SFA) of cadmium in Korea was carried out to analyze and predict cadmium flows, stocks, and future flows using both static and dynamic models. Cadmium is widely used in industry due to its strong corrosion and chemical resistance at high temperature, excellent electrical conduction, and low melting-point. Cadmium is produced as a by-product from the production processes for zinc and lead ingots. It is used for Ni–Cd batteries, polyvinylchloride (PVC) stabilizers, alloy products, pigments, and others.This examines the current cadmium flows and stocks using static SFA, and aims in predicting the future cadmium flows and stocks in Korea using dynamic SFA. From the static model, 2820 tonnes of cadmium ingots were produced, 0.04 tonnes imported and 2740 tons exported in Korea in 2009. In addition, 81 tonnes of cadmium were used in the manufacture of cadmium products: 80 tonnes for cadmium alloy products and 1 tonne for others. Finally, 175 tonnes of cadmium were imported into Korea for Ni–Cd batteries, 140 tonnes for PVC stabilizers, and 55 tonnes for pigments. Cadmium was used in various industries such as construction (221 tonnes), electrics and electronics (130 tonnes – including cadmium in imported products), transportation (30 tonnes) and others (30 tonnes). In 2009, 430 tonnes of industrial cadmium were discharged, with 10 tonnes being recycled and 420 tonnes discarded.From the dynamic model, cadmium stocks in Korea were estimated to be about 5120 tonnes in 2009. The industrial consumption in 2030 will be reduced to only 110 tonnes, only 27% of the current consumption of 410 tonnes in 2009, due to DIRECTIVE 2002/95/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS). One possible solution to the Cd oversupply problem is use in cadmium telluride photovoltaic (CdTe PV) systems which have low life cycle Cd emissions (0.02 g Cd/GWh) and high end-of-life semiconductor recycling yields (95%). |
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