TMDL Implementation in Agricultural Landscapes: A Communicative and Systemic Approach |
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Authors: | Nicholas R Jordan Carissa Schively Slotterback Kirsten Valentine Cadieux David J Mulla David G Pitt Laura Schmitt Olabisi Jin-Oh Kim |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;(2) Urban and Regional Planning Program, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, 130 Humphrey Center, 301 19th Avenue S, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;(3) Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, 414 Social Sciences, 267 19th Avenue S., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;(4) Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;(5) Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, 89 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;(6) Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 151 Natural Resources, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, USA |
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Abstract: | Increasingly, total maximum daily load (TMDL) limits are being defined for agricultural watersheds. Reductions in non-point
source pollution are often needed to meet TMDL limits, and improvements in management of annual crops appear insufficient
to achieve the necessary reductions. Increased adoption of perennial crops and other changes in agricultural land use also
appear necessary, but face major barriers. We outline a novel strategy that aims to create new economic opportunities for
land-owners and other stakeholders and thereby to attract their voluntary participation in land-use change needed to meet
TMDLs. Our strategy has two key elements. First, focused efforts are needed to create new economic enterprises that capitalize
on the productive potential of multifunctional agriculture (MFA). MFA seeks to produce a wide range of goods and ecosystem
services by well-designed deployment of annual and perennial crops across agricultural landscapes and watersheds; new revenue
from MFA may substantially finance land-use change needed to meet TMDLs. Second, efforts to capitalize on MFA should use a
novel methodology, the Communicative/Systemic Approach (C/SA). C/SA uses an integrative GIS-based spatial modeling framework
for systematically assessing tradeoffs and synergies in design and evaluation of multifunctional agricultural landscapes,
closely linked to deliberation and design processes by which multiple stakeholders can collaboratively create appropriate
and acceptable MFA landscape designs. We anticipate that application of C/SA will strongly accelerate TMDL implementation,
by aligning the interests of multiple stakeholders whose active support is needed to change agricultural land use and thereby
meet TMDL goals. |
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