Linking Theory and Practice for Restoration of Step-Pool Streams |
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Authors: | Anne Chin Shannah Anderson Andrew Collison Barbara J Ellis-Sugai Jeffrey P Haltiner Johan B Hogervorst G Mathias Kondolf Linda S O’Hirok Alison H Purcell Ann L Riley Ellen Wohl |
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Institution: | Anne Chin, Shannah Anderson, Andrew Collison, Barbara J. Ellis-Sugai, Jeffrey P. Haltiner, Johan B. Hogervorst, G. Mathias Kondolf, Linda S. O’Hirok, Alison H. Purcell, Ann L. Riley and Ellen Wohl |
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Abstract: | Step-pools sequences are increasingly used to restore stream channels. This increase corresponds to significant advances in
theory for step-pools in recent years. The need for step-pools in stream restoration arises as urban development encroaches
into steep terrain in response to population pressures, as stream channels in lower-gradient areas require stabilization due
to hydrological alterations associated with land-use changes, and as step-pools are recognized for their potential to enhance
stream habitats. Despite an increasingly voluminous literature and great demand for restoration using step-pool sequences,
however, the link between theory and practice is limited. In this article, we present four unique cases of stream restoration
using step-pools, including the evolution of the approaches, the project designs, and adjustments in the system following
restoration. Baxter Creek in El Cerrito, California demonstrates an early application of artificial step-pools in which natural
adjustments occurred toward geomorphic stability and ecological improvement. Restoration of East Alamo Creek in a large residential
development near San Ramon, California illustrates an example of step-pools increasingly used in locations where such a channel
form would not naturally occur. Construction of a step-pool channel in Karnowsky Creek within the Siuslaw National Forest,
Oregon overcame constraints posed by access and the type and availability of materials; the placement of logs allowed natural
scouring below steps. Dry Canyon Creek on the property of the Mountains Restoration Trust in Calabasas, California afforded
a somewhat experimental approach to designing step-pools, allowing observation and learning in the future. These cases demonstrate
how theories and relationships developed for step-pool sequences over the past two decades have been applied in real-world
settings. The lessons from these examples enable us to develop considerations useful for deriving an appropriate course of
design, approval, and construction of artificial step-pool systems. They also raise additional fundamental questions concerning
appropriate strategies for restoration of step-pool streams. Outstanding challenges are highlighted as opportunities for continuing
theoretical work. |
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Keywords: | Step-pools River restoration Environmental management Human impacts Channel design |
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