北京市居民家庭水—能消费活动碳核算及影响因素分析

本研究以北京市海淀区和通州区1320份居民家庭水—能消费行为调查问卷为样本,采用参数估算方法,核算了家庭洗澡、做饭、清洁、制冷供暖四类主要水—能消费行为的人均用水量、用电量、用气量和碳排放量,运用统计检验识别了不同人群的主要消费行为、碳排放特征,利用回归分析方法分析了不同人群的各种消费行为碳排放量的影响因素。研究结果显示,北京市居民家庭水—能耦合行为相关的人均用水量为26.9 m~3/a、电耗为254.1 k W·h/a、燃气消耗量为27.8 m~3/a,分别约占家庭全年消耗/排放总量的65.6%、31.8%和50.4%。水—能耦合行为相关总碳排放量包括居民家庭能耗直接碳排放量和水耗的水资源生产和处理过程间接碳排放量。案例地区居民家庭水—能耦合相关总碳排放量为376.7 kg CO_2/a,占家庭总量的40.1%,其中间接碳排放量为36.1kg CO_2/a,远低于直接碳排放量。这一结果说明城市水、能资源和碳排放协同管理需要重点关注消费端。从消费行为来看,家庭用水量中洗澡和做饭占比最高;用电量中不同季节行为差异较大,冬季洗澡用电占比最高,夏季制冷用电占比最高;各个行为的碳排放量在不同季节也有显著差异,其中冬季和春秋季洗澡碳排放量较高,夏季制冷碳排放量较高;高用水量人群洗澡和做饭行为的用水量绝对量和占比均较高,高碳排放人群的洗澡碳排放绝对量和占比均较高。从影响因素来看,洗澡行为变量对总碳排放量的影响作用高于做饭和清洁行为。研究表明,关注不同类型居民家庭的水—能耦合关系及相应的碳排放,尤其是洗澡和制冷行为,是家庭碳减排高关注度的优先领域。

Analysis of Carbon Emissions Accounting and Influencing Factors of Water-Energy Consumption Behaviors in Beijing Residents

The "14th Five Year Plan" period is the key stage for consolidating and promoting environmental quality improvement program. Aiming at an effective environment management for high-quality socioeconomic development, we should not only put the existing problems and challenges for pollution quantity control and environmental quality control into the development context, but also balance the equity and efficiency among regions with a consideration of historical influences, heading for an Environmental Quality-Oriented Pollution Quantity Control protocol finally. In particular, we should develop novel tools for more effective and efficient quality and quantity control, including better modeling the quantitate and systematic connection between environmental quality control and pollution quantity control, promoting the fine-management for pollution quantity control city-module-sector, enlarging the category of pollution control, strengthening the infrastructure development for pollution control, and building up the environmental responsibility division system under pollution control with a fully consideration of equity.