强“波特假说”存在产业异质性吗?——基于产业碳密集程度细分的视角

强"波特假说"认为严格而恰当的环境规制政策将使企业的生产效率呈现先降后升的趋势,为验证强"波特假说"及其产业异质性,首先建立产业碳密集指数,将工业部门36个细分行业划分为高碳密集产业、中碳密集产业和低碳密集产业;接着运用方向性距离函数测算2003—2014年细分行业的绿色全要素生产率,基于系统"GMM"估计方法验证三个细分行业的环境规制强度对绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究结果显示:第一,样本期间内,高碳密集产业的环境规制强度远远高于中低碳密集产业,这表明高碳密集产业一直是产业节能减排的重点对象,而碳排放情况较为严重的中碳密集产业则为"被遗忘的角落";第二,强"波特假说"在工业部门内存在产业异质性,高碳密集产业和中碳密集产业的环境规制强度与绿色全要素生产率呈"U"型关系,而在低碳密集产业中两者则呈倒"U"型关系;第三,相对于高碳密集产业,中碳密集产业因环境规制强度较容易跨越"U"型拐点而具有较大的减排空间,低碳密集产业在达到"U"型拐点之前,环境规制为其绿色全要素生产率提升的动力。本文研究结论蕴含如下的政策建议:根据产业的碳密集程度实施针对性的环境规制政策,持续加强中碳密集产业的环境规制力度,适度加强低碳密集产业的环境规制强度,高碳密集产业需根据不同阶段的经济水平设计具有针对性的环境规制政策,逐渐将三类产业的"遵循成本"效应转化为"创新补偿"效应,实现经济增长和环境保护的双赢。

Does strong porter hypothesis have industrial heterogeneity?——The perspective from segmentation of industrial carbon intensity

Strong Porter Hypothesis suggests that strict and appropriate environmental regulatory policies will enable productivity of companies to show a downward trend after the rise.In order to verify the strong Porter Hypothesis and its industrial heterogeneity,this paper establishes the industrial carbon intensive index to divide 36 sectors of industries into high carbon intensive industries,medium carbon intensive industries and low carbon intensive industries.Then we use directional distance functions to calculate the green total factor productivity(GTFP) of sub-sectors during 2003-2014 and verify the impact of environmental regulation on GTFP of three subsectors based on the GMM estimation method.The empirical results show:First,the environmental regulation intensity of high carbon intensive industries is much higher than that of low carbon intensive industries during the sample period,which indicates that high carbon intensive industries have been the focus of energy saving and emission reduction,while medium carbon intensive industries are ‘ forgotten corners’.Second,the strong Porter Hypothesis has industrial heterogeneity in the industrial sector.The relationship between environmental regulation intensity and GTFP in high carbon intensive industries and medium carbon intensive industries is a ‘ U’ shape,while in low carbon intensive industries it isin an inverted ‘ U’ shape relationship.Third,with respect to high carbon intensive industries,medium carbon intensive industries have a greater emission reduction of space because they break ‘ U’ inflection point more easily.Increasing environmental regulation intensity will increase GTFP in low carbon intensive industry before reaching ‘ U’ inflection point.Thus,the government should implement environmental regulation policies according to the industrial carbon intensity,continue to strengthen the environmental regulation intensity of medium carbon intensive industries,moderate to strengthen the environmental regulation intensity of low carbon intensive industries and design targeted environmental regulation policies for high carbon intensive industries according to the different stages of economic development.In short,the three industries will alter gradually from ‘ compliance cost’ effect to ‘innovative compensation’ effect and then achieve win-win relationship between economic development and environmental protection.