农业文化遗产保护目标下农户生计状况分析

农户生计是农业文化遗产认定标准之一,也是影响农业文化遗产保护与传承的关键因素,在贫困地区,遗产保护与农户脱贫的两难困境更为突出。本研究基于可持续生计理论和分析框架,以全球重要农业文化遗产地——云南红河哈尼稻作梯田为案例区域,通过生计资本指标体系构建和量化,对比分析了不同生计途径农户的生计状况。评估结果发现,农户的生计资本均值为2.312,生计资本处于匮乏状态,金融资本值最低,而文化资本值最高。从事农业和打工是当前农户的主要生计途径,旅游接待成为生计拓展的重要形式。三类农户生计资本值和家庭年均收入排序相同,都表现为旅游接待户打工兼业户纯农业户,纯农业户的生计状况最差。从单项生计资本看,旅游接待户和打工兼业户的人力资本显著高于纯农业户,物质资本和金融资本比较中,旅游接待户显著高于其他两类农户,说明人力资本越丰富的农户越可能倾向于兼业,农户开展旅游接待需要较高的物质和金融资本作为基础。这意味着,农业文化遗产保护要大力提高农户的农业经营收益,延长农业的价值链和产业链,完善农村金融市场,开展旅游接待培训,从人力、金融等多方面改善农户生计资本状况,实现生计途径拓展。

Analysis on the rural households livelihoods aiming at the conservation of agricultural heritage systems

Rural households livdihood is a request for agricultural heritage certificate and a critical factor that affects agricultural heritage protection and inheritance.In poor areas,it is a real dilemma between heritage system protection and taking famers out of poverty.Using Yunnan Hani Rice Terraces as an example,one of the important sites of globally agricultural heritage system,our study established a measurable livelihood capital index system and evaluated livelihood of different households there.Results showed that the average farmer livelihood capital was 2.312,which was deficient.Except for cultural capital,farmers were short of all other livelihood capitals especially financial capital.While farming and part-time job were the primary livelihood for local farmers,tourism gradually became an important extension.Among three types of households including tourism participant,part-time worker and pure farmer,both their livelihood capital value and average annual income were in descending order,where tourism participant was the highest and pure farmer was the lowest.Comparing single livelihood capital of three groups,tourism participant and part-time worker had significantly higher human capital than pure farmer group,where tourism participant had much higher material and financial capital than other two groups as well.This meant that farmers with human capital were more likely to do other works besides farming and tourism participation had certain requirement for material and financial capital.For the sake of agricultural heritage protection,we should help to increase farmers' agricultural income through expanding livelihood in different ways,such as extending value chain and industry chain,enhancing rural financial market,conducting tourism training and improving farmers human and financial capital situations.