生态中心论之后现代视域的辨析

作为当代环境伦理学之生态中心论的代表,克里考特以新物理学与生态学的视角引向后现代主义的整体观。这一思路指向的是整体论系统观的范式,后者具有四项特征:1整体的性质不能被还原为部分的性质;2整体是部分形成的原因与依据;3部分是系统地互相联系的;4部分是内在地互相联系的,即关系决定存在。以该整体论系统观的范式为依据,克里考特的后现代视域既涉及本体论,也指向价值论。在本体层面,克里考特借鉴了深生态学中"充分实现的自我"的概念试图解构笛卡尔的主客二分。进而,在削弱现代哲学中三类性质(数量性、质量性与价值性)区分的同时,克里考特提出了"实质价值"的概念,并试图以实质价值消解内在价值的同时统摄固有价值与工具价值。在文本梳理的基础上,本文也考察了克里考特的后现代视域的逻辑依据与实践可能。具体地,本文指出:1克里考特以实证科学之认知来架构形上本体的思路混淆了科学命题与玄学命题的区别内涵;2建立在消解三类性质基础上的"实质价值"架空了价值本身的应然引力;3克里考特过分地强调了整体与部分的对立从而容易陷入逻辑悖论;4克里考特以关系消解实体的本质是将关系作了唯内在性的理解,而这种理解是缺乏支持力的。特别地,克里考特以整体解析部分并以关系消解个体的进路将导致伦理虚无主义。针对克里考特理论的缺陷,本文指出,以"关系"为纽结的部分与整体之间是体用统一的;而实体间的关系,既具有内在性的一面,也具有外在性的一面;并且,关系的外在性既具有本然的维度,也具有应然的维度,即,它是道德实践的必要前提。

Analysis of the post-modern view of ecocentrism

As the representative of ecocentrism of contemporary environmental ethics,J.Baird Callicott demonstrates a post-modem,holistic worldview from the perspectives of the new physics and ecology.This idea points to the holistic systemic paradigm,which has four features:①the properties of a whole cannot be reducible to the properties of the parts;②a whole exerts causation on its parts;③ the parts are systemically related;and (④ the parts are internally related,i.e.they are what they are because of their relationships.Based on this holistic systemic paradigm,Callicott's post-modern view involves both ontology and axiology.At the ontological level,Callicott applies the notion of'the Self fully realized'to destructing Descartes' s object-subject dichotomy.Further,upon weakening the distinctions among three natural properties (quantitative,qualitative,and axiological) in modem philosophy,Callicott proposes a new concept called'virtual value',under which he claims to dissolve intrinsic value and to encompass both inherent value and instrumental value.Based upon text aralysis,it also investigates the logical reason and practical possibility of Callicott's post-modern view.Specifically,it demonstrates that ①Callicott's idea of constructing metaphysical noumenon by positive sciences is confusion about different connotations of scientific and metaphysical statements;②by dissolving three natural properties'virtual value'inevitably annihilates the'ought'force of a value;③Callicott's emphasis on the part-whole antagonism will lead to a logical parade;and ④ Callicott's deconstruction of entities by relations reveals that he believes that all relations are internal relations only,but this understanding is lack of support.In particular,Callicott's approach,i.e.to resolve a part by the whole and to deconstruct an individual by relations,will fall into ethical nihilism.Against the defects of Callicott's theory,it points out that the parts and whole,linked by relations,are two aspects of one union;the relations among entities include both internal and external relations;further,the externality of relations involves both'is' and'ought'dimensions,i.e.it is a necessary prerequisite for moral practice.